Alcohols, phenols names

Solvents can be classified into three categories according to their polarity namely, polar protic, dipolar aprotic and non-polar. Most of the common solvents fall under one of following chemical classes Aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, amines, nitriles, nitro-derivatives, amides and sulfur-containing solvents (Marcus, 1998). In certain cases a mixture of two or more solvents would perform better than a single solvent. 

All of the above examples are acetates of active alcohols. Here, we also mention the acetate of a phenol, namely the provitamin a-tocopheryl acetate, whose natural enantiomer of absolute configuration (2R,47 ,87 ) is shown as 8.73. a-Tocopheryl acetate is a substrate of cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13), and was hydrolyzed in rats faster than its (2S,47 ,87 )-epimer. In vitro experiments required a-tocopheryl acetate to be dispersed as a micellar pseudosolution, and the nature of the bile salt used to prepare micelles had a profound effect on the substrate stereoselectivity of the reaction [95] [96], Only when the micelle composition approximated that of the gastrointestinal tract did the in vitro substrate stereoselectivity resemble that seen in vivo. 

Fig. 9.8 presents another, more complex type of phosphate prodrugs, namely (phosphoryloxy)methyl carbonates and carbamates (9-26, X = O or NH, resp.) [84], Here, the [(phosphoryloxy)methyl]carbonyl carrier appears quite versatile and of potential interest to prepare prodrugs of alcohols, phenols, and amines. The cascade of reactions leading from prodrug to drug as shown in Fig. 9.8 involves three steps, namely ester hydrolysis, release of formaldehyde, and a final step of carbonate hydrolysis (X = O) or A-decar-boxylation (X = NH). Three model compounds, a secondary alcohol, a primary aliphatic amine, and a primary aromatic amine, were derivatized with the carrier moiety and examined for their rates of breakdown [84], The alcohol, indan-2-ol, yielded a carrier-linked derivative that proved relatively... 

Often, but not always, die alcohol is named after whatever R is. CH3-CH2-OH is ethyl alcohol, CH2 = CH-OH is vinyl alcohol, but C6H5-OH, a benzene ririg with a hydroxyl group, is phenol. Figure 14—1.)... 

In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers. 

Alcohols are higher boiling than other classes of compounds, namely hydrocarbons, ethers and haloalkanes of comparable molecular masses. The ability of alcohols, phenols and ethers to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water makes them soluble In it. 

Salicin is an (9-glycoside of a phenol, namely salicyl alcohol. Salicin is a natural antipyretic and analgesic found in willow bark, and is the template from which aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, see Box 7.13) was developed. Prunasin from cherry laurel is an example of a cyanogenic glycoside, hydrolysis of which leads to release of toxic HCN (see Box 7.7). It is the (9-glucoside of the alcohol mandelonitrile, the trivial name for the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde. It is the further hydrolysis of mandelonitrile that liberates HCN. 

Many trivial names persist, particularly for aromatic, or arene alcohols (phenols) ... 

Draw structures and assign names for alcohols, phenols, diols, and thiols. 

The biological function of metabolic transformation is to increase the water solubility of a drug. Typically, metabolism is divided into two steps firstly, named Phase I, functionalization of the molecule takes place leading to introduction or liberation of polar groups like alcohols, phenols and amines by hydroxylation, desalkylation and heteroatom oxidation. Also, esters and amides are hydrolyzed. 

Name and draw structures of alcohols, phenols, ethers, thiols and sulfides. 

Alcohols are aliphatic compounds that contain the hydroxy functional group (—OH). Aromatic compounds with an —OH group attached to the ring are called phenols. Several alcohols are well-known by common names. In the lUPAC system, the characteristic ending -ol is used to designate alcohols. Phenols are named as derivatives of the parent compound phenol. 

Like all alcohols the names of phenols always end in the letters oP. In addition the ring system may bear other snbstitntes, especially methyl gronps. 

Name the longest carbon chain attached to the —OH group by replacing the e in the alkane name with ol. Name an aromatic alcohol as a phenol. The parent chain is pentane the alcohol is named pentanol. 

Chapter 12, Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones, previously titled Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur, describes the functional groups and names of alcohols, thiols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones. The solubility of alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones in water is discussed. Section 12.4 is now titled Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones. ... 

Trade Names Containing lgepal OD410 Phenol alcohol. See Phenol Phenol, o-(t-butyl)-. See 2-t-Butylphenol Phenol calcium saH. See Calcium phenoxide Phenolcarbind. See Benzyl alcohol Phenol, dimethyl-. See Xylenol Phenol, 3,4-dimethyl-. See 3,4-Xylenol Phenol, dinonyh. See Dinonyl phenol Phenol-fonnaldehyde sulfonate Synonyms Resole sulfonate Classification Oligomer Properties Water-sol. 

Tablel.10 Retained Trivial Names of Alcohols and Phenols with Structures 1.24...

Bivalent radicals of the form O—Y—O are named by adding -dioxy to the name of the bivalent radicals except when forming part of a ring system. Examples are —O—CHj—O— (methylene-dioxy), —O—CO—O— (carbonyldioxy), and —O—SOj—O— (sulfonyldioxy). Anions derived from alcohols or phenols are named by changing the final -ol to -olate. 

Phenolphthalein. Alophen, Ex-Lax, Feen-a-Miat, Modane, and Phenolax are trade names for phenolphthaleia [77-09-8] (3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphen5l)-l-(3ff)-l isobensofuranone) (10). It is a white or faintiy yellowish white crystalline powder, odorless and stable ia air, and practically iasoluble ia water one gram is soluble ia 15 mL alcohol and 100 mL diethyl ether. Phenolphthaleia may be prepared by mixing phenol, phthaHc anhydride, and sulfuric acid, and heating at 120°C for 10—12 h. The product is extracted with boiling water, then the residue dissolved ia dilute sodium hydroxide solution, filtered, and precipitated with acid. 

Resoles are usually those phenolics made under alkaline conditions with an excess of aldehyde. The name denotes a phenol alcohol, which is the dominant species in most resoles. The most common catalyst is sodium hydroxide, though lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxides or oxides are also frequently used. Amine catalysis is also common. Occasionally, a Lewis acid salt, such as zinc acetate or tin chloride will be used to achieve some special property. Due to inclusion of excess aldehyde, resoles are capable of curing without addition of methylene donors. Although cure accelerators are available, it is common to cure resoles by application of heat alone. 

Semmler has detected a small qnaotitv of a sesquiterpene alcohol, and a phenol ether to which he assigned the name elemicin. This body h 3 a specific grariiy 1-063 at 30, refractive index 1 3365, aud boils at 144 to 147 - at lO mm. 

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