Naming systems alcohols

The names of organic compounds have some system. Each functional group defines a family (for example, alcohols, amines) and a specific modifier is added to identify a particular example (for example, ethyl alcohol, ethyl amine). As an alternate naming system, the family may be named by a general identifying ending (for example, alcohol names end in -ol) and a particular example is indicated by an appropriate stem (ethyl alcohol would be ethanol). These naming systems are illustrated in Tables 18-1 and 18-11. 

The simplest alcohol is methanol, CH,OH, also called methyl alcohol in a less systematic system of naming. Methanol is also known as wood alcohol. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is the principal constituent of intoxicating beverages. Other alcohols of importance are included in Table 21-5. Note that the systematic names of alcohols characteristically end in -ol. 

You can use both the common and IUPAC systems to name alcohols. In the common system, you name an alcohol by listing the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol. Following are some examples of alcohols and their common names ... 

Aldehydes, acids, and esters have roots for one and two carbons that are usually form- and acet-, rather than meth- and eth-, because these prefixes had been used so long they were grandfathered into the naming system (formaldehyde and acetic acid, rather than methanal and ethanoic acid). Departures from IUPAC nomenclature often occur for very common substances and, fortunately, they rarely can be misunderstood (ethyl alcohol instead of ethanol). 

Alcohols are compounds that contain a hydroxy group (—OH). Common names for simple alcohols use the name of the alkyl group followed by alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. In the IUPAC system, alcohols are given the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, with the suffix -ol replacing the final e of the name. The longest chain that contains the carbon bonded to the hydroxy group is chosen as the root and numbered so that this carbon has the lowest possible number. 

The IUPAC system provides unique names for alcohols, based on rules that are similar to those for other classes of compounds. In general, the name carries the -ol suffix, together with a number to give the location of the hydroxyl group. The formal rules are summarized in the following three steps ... 

In addition to the most modem systematic nomenclature system, several older nomenclature systems are still in use in organic chemistry. The simplest compounds are more often known by their older names than their most modem names, especially in commerce. For example, ethanol is often called ethyl alcohol or just alcohol, and methanol is called methyl alcohol. Even older names, grain alcohol and wood alcohol, respectively, are still used for these two compounds. Similarly, methanal is more generally called formaldehyde, methanoic acid is frequently referred to as formic acid, and methylpropane is often called isobutane. 

Alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylate derivatives were chosen for study based on their predicted foaming properties, thermal and chemical stability, salinity tolerance, and adsorption characteristics. Table 1 illustrates the classes of surfactants used and the shorthand surfactant naming system employed. Except when noted, surfactants were developmental ENORDET surfactants from Shell Chemical Company or were research samples synthesized in our laboratory or at Koninlijke/Shell Laboratorium, Amsterdam. AES 810-2.6A was obtained from GAF Corporation. 

There s no way -CH3 I can cover the complete naming system for organic compounds here but maybe what I ve presented will take the edge off when you see a molecule called 2-alkyl-4 4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline. Of course scientists never make things easy so you ll still see compounds called by their prefix naming convention. For example, we don t use the lUPAC system in naming isopropyl alcohol. 

To name an alcohol, ether, or epoxide using the lUPAC system, we must learn how to name the functional group either as a substituent or by using a suffix added to the parent name. 

Name an Alcohol Using the lUPAC System 317 Alkenes... 

It is sometimes convenient to name alcohols by the carbinol system. According to this system, alcohols are considered to be derived from methyl alcohol, CH3OH, by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by other groups. We simply name the groups attached to the carbon bearing the —OH and then add the suffix -carbinol to include the C—OH portion . ... 

Experiments were also earned out by Donnan and Garner with a Itqmd membrane, namely amyl alcohol, the solutes being LiCl and KC1 LiCl is easily soluble m amyl alcohol, whilst KC1 is only very slightly soluble The osmotic cell system in this case would be represented by—... 

In the I.U.P.A.C. Nomenclature System, alcohols are named according to the following steps ... 

In the I.U.P.A.C. system, alcohols are named by determining the parent compound and replacing the -e ending with -ol. The chain is numbered to give the hydroxyl group the lowest possible number. Common names are derived from the alkyl group corresponding to the parent compoimd. 

It should be noted that similar names do not always mean the same classification. For example, isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol, whereas isobutyl alcohol is a primary alcohol. Compounds which are too complicated for common names may be given derived names. According to this system, alcohols are considered to... 

Multimodal porous systems in the form of monolithic-shaped forms (bodies) were obtained from a process where a (true) liquid-crystal templating is combined with a sol-gel process [205]. One characteristic of such a process is the incompatibility of lyotropic surfactants with an alcohol, mostly an inherently produced alcohol, which is responsible for the phase separation during the sol-gel processing, stabilizing the resulting monolithic architecture of the monolith [206]. Different approaches use various components, namely, the alcohol source, the silicate sources (both are sometimes combined in one molecule), and molecular or supramolecular templating agents [207]. 

PROBLEM 7.1 Name these alcohols by the lUPAC system ... 

HOW TO Name an Alcohol Using the lUPAC System Example Give the lUPAC name of the following alcohol ... 

In the lUPAC system, the names of alcohols have ol endings, and the location of the —OH group is given by numbering the carbon chain. 

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