Narcotic effect

Eye contact can cause irritation or bums. Repeated skin contact can result iu dermatitis. Exposure to excessive vapor concentrations irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. Very high concentrations have a narcotic effect (43). 

Aromatics Used as a solvent in coatings Surface coatings, printing Irritation of mucous membranes, narcotic effects some are carcinogens... 

Can form expiosive mixture with air particuiariy in empty uncieaned receptacies. Heating wiii cause pressure rise, with risk ot bursting and subsequent expiosion. The vapour has narcotic effect. 

Organic solvents have acute narcotic effects. Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons seem to be especially effective. As stated, the combined effect of several organic solvents is usually considered to be additive. However, there is some evidence that the combined effect may in fact be synergistic. The symptoms caused by organic solvents, often called prenarcotic symptoms, resemble those caused by the use of alcohol. A decrease in reaction time and impairment in various psychological performances can be observed. Acute neurotoxicity can also be detected as abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG i, which records the electrical activity of the brain. " ... 

Toxicity. Max allowable concn for an 8 hr exposure is lOOOppm or 2950mgs/cm of air. Higher concns produce a narcotic effect and eventual asphyxia (Refs 16a 22)... 

The risk of respiratory depression is a concern for many nurses administering a narcotic and may cause some nurses to hesitate to administer the drug. However, respiratory depression rarely occurs in patients using a narcotic for pain. In fact, these patients usually develop tolerance to the respiratory depressant effects of the drug very quickly. Naloxone (see Chap. 20) can be administered to reverse the narcotic effects if absolutely necessary. 

In 1868 two Scottish scientists, Crum Brown and Fraser [4] recognized that a relation exists between the physiological action of a substance and its chemical composition and constitution. That recognition was in effect the birth of the science that has come to be known as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies a QSAR is a mathematical equation that relates a biological or other property to structural and/or physicochemical properties of a series of (usually) related compounds. Shortly afterwards, Richardson [5] showed that the narcotic effect of primary aliphatic alcohols varied with their molecular weight, and in 1893 Richet [6] observed that the toxicities of a variety of simple polar chemicals such as alcohols, ethers, and ketones were inversely correlated with their aqueous solubilities. Probably the best known of the very early work in the field was that of Overton [7] and Meyer [8], who found that the narcotic effect of simple chemicals increased with their oil-water partition coefficient and postulated that this reflected the partitioning of a chemical between the aqueous exobiophase and a lipophilic receptor. This, as it turned out, was most prescient, for about 70% of published QSARs contain a term relating to partition coefficient [9]. 

There has also been some work devoted to the preparation of a compound that would show greater selectivity toward activity on the gut and away from activity over the CNS. Diphenoxylate (74) has been used extensively in humans for just this purpose although the drug shows some selectivity, it is far from free of narcotic effects. (The curious will note the compound follows the Beckett rule both in the piperidine and side chain moieties.) Treatment of 74... 

Benzene Clear, colorless liquid with a dangerous fire hazard and a moderate explosion hazard. It is a possible carcinogen. Entry into the body is mostly by inhalation, but it is also absorbed through the skin. High concentrations produce a narcotic effect. 

Breathing increases to twice the normal rate and becomes labored. Weak narcotic effect. Impaired hearing, headache, increase in blood pressure and pulse rate. 

Although the topic of anaesthesia is hugely complicated, it is clear that the physiological effect of the compounds depends on their entrapment in the blood. Once dissolved, the compounds pass to the brain where they promote their narcotic effects. It is now clear that the best anaesthetics dissolve in the lipids from which cell membranes are generally made. The anaesthetic probably alters the properties of the cell membranes, altering the rates at which neurotransmitters enter and leave the cell. 

While irritancy resulting from the above reflex reaction is one cause of altered respiratory parameters during exposure, there are many others. These include other types of reflex response, such as bronchoconstriction, the narcotic effects of many solvents, the development of toxic signs as exposure progresses, or simply a voluntary reduction in respiratory rate by the test animal due to the unpleasant nature of the inhaled atmosphere. The extent to which these affect breathing patterns and hence inhaled dose can only be assessed by actual measurement. 

Symptoms of exposure Irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. At concentrations of 1,000 ppm, inhalation may cause headache, somnolence, and narcotic effects (Patnaik, 1992). An irritation concentration of 53.00 mg/m in air was reported by Ruth (1986). 

Symptoms of exposure Vapors may irritate eyes, nose, and throat and cause narcotic effects. Ingestion may cause narcotic action. At high concentrations death may occur (Patnaik, 1992). 

Symptoms of exposure May produce a weak narcotic effect, cardiac sensitization, and irritation of respiratory passage (Patnaik, 1992)... 

Three workers applying an epoxy-based waterproofing paint containing glycidyl ether inside an underground water tank died in the tank of asphyxia. Constituents of epoxy resin will displace oxygen in a confined space and may have an independent narcotic effect on exposed workers. Strict precautionary measures are recommended under these conditions. ... 

Carpenter CP, Shaffer CB, Weil CS, Smyth WJ Jr Studies on the inhalation of 1,3-butadiene with a comparison of its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human, y Ind Hyg Toxicol 26 69-78, 1944... 

Comstock CC, Fogleman RW, Oberst FW Acute narcotic effects of monochlorobro-momethane vapor in rats. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 7 526-528, 1953... 

Although w-heptane exposure produces narcotic effects, it has not been shown to cause the type of peripheral neuropathy associated with -hexane at the same exposure levels. A metabolic study of heptane in rats and humans showed that only a very small amount of 2,5-heptanedione, the purportedly neurotoxic metabolite responsible for peripheral neuropathy, is produced. Clinical damage to the peripheral nervous system after w-heptane exposure, therefore, seems unlikely. ... 

Drug dependence Administer cautiously to people who are known or suspected to be physically dependent on opioids, including newborns of mothers with narcotic dependence. Reversal of narcotic effect will precipitate acute abstinence syndrome. Repeat administration The patient who has satisfactorily responded should be kept under continued surveillance. Administer repeated doses as necessary, because the duration of action of some narcotics may exceed that of the narcotic antagonist. Respiratory depression Not effective against respiratory depression due to nonopioid drugs. 

To be added in cases of indications for relevance Specific genomics biomarkers In vitro bioassays wifii bioactivation In vivo bioassays wifii local sediment extracts Local PAF or msPAF validation Body burden toxic compound Pharmaceuticals Black Box gene arrays Nanoparticles POPs in water Narcotic effects... 

Morphine is self-administered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sertiirner and is named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, after he experiences its narcotic effects. 

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