Naming compounds alcohols

A sufl used to form a feminine (as Wirtin, hostess, landlady). (2) (as a chemical ending) -ine, when the compound is a base -in, when it is not. Names of alcohols... 

The only exception to the rule requiring a single suffix is when naming compounds that have double or triple bonds. Thus, the unsaturated acid H2C=CHCH2C02H is 3-butenoic acid, and the acetylenic alcohol HC=CCH2CH2CH2OH is 5-pentyn-l-ol. 

Name compounds containing a double bond and an alcohol group as alkenols (or cycloalkenols) and give the alcohol carbon the lower number. 

Namely, allyl alcohol is successively treated with diethylzinc, (R,R) dipropyl tartrate, and 4-methoxybenzohydroximinoyl chloride (163) to afford the enantiomeric isoxazoline alcohol 166, which under the Jones oxidation conditions affords the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative (167). Treatment of compound 167 with hydroxylamine-O-triflate followed by tri-fluoroacetic acid gives rise to the desired enantiomeric 165 in high excess enantiomeric yield. The synthesis of other isosteric analogues of 165 was reported in the same paper. None of the isosteric analogues exhibits LpxC inhibitory and antibacterial activities [103]. 

There s a good reason why methanol is commonly called wood alcohol. The early commercial source was the destructive distillation of the fresh-cut lumber from hardwood trees. When wood is heated without access to air at temperatures above 500°F, it decomposes into charcoal and a volatile fraction. Among the compounds in the volatile fraction is methanol. Hence, the name wood alcohol or wood spirits. 

Many amines, like other organic compounds, are known by their common names. Their lUPAC names follow that of naming of alcohols, but the ending amine is used. A common practice is to list the names of the groups attached to the nitrogen followed by the ending amine. Thus, CHj-NH would be methylamine. The simplest aromatic is called aniline ... 

The last-named compound is converted into the copper derivative by dissolving it in much alcohol and adding an ammoniacal solution of cuprous chloride. The resulting precipitate is washed with ammonia, then beaten to a pulp and air bubbled through it to remove ammonia it may be recrystallised from chloroform. 

Alcohols are hydrocarbons with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Compounds with one hydroxyl group are called alcohols, those with two are called glycols, and those with three hydroxyls are called glycerols. Alcohols are used extensively in industries as solvents for the manufacture of a variety of products. Generally, all alcohols cause irritation to the mucous membranes with mild narcotic effect. There are important classes of alcohols, namely, allyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and propyl alcohol. 

The chemistry of essential oils is organic and vast. To avoid confusion a formal system was developed the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system. This names compounds based on the arrangement of the component atoms into functional groups, e.g. alcohols contain -OH. 

The IUPAC system provides unique names for alcohols, based on rules that are similar to those for other classes of compounds. In general, the name carries the -ol suffix, together with a number to give the location of the hydroxyl group. The formal rules are summarized in the following three steps ... 

In addition to the most modem systematic nomenclature system, several older nomenclature systems are still in use in organic chemistry. The simplest compounds are more often known by their older names than their most modem names, especially in commerce. For example, ethanol is often called ethyl alcohol or just alcohol, and methanol is called methyl alcohol. Even older names, grain alcohol and wood alcohol, respectively, are still used for these two compounds. Similarly, methanal is more generally called formaldehyde, methanoic acid is frequently referred to as formic acid, and methylpropane is often called isobutane. 

There s no way -CH3 I can cover the complete naming system for organic compounds here but maybe what I ve presented will take the edge off when you see a molecule called 2-alkyl-4 4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline. Of course scientists never make things easy so you ll still see compounds called by their prefix naming convention. For example, we don t use the lUPAC system in naming isopropyl alcohol. 

We come now to a series of compounds which has in it many well-known substances, and to which the class name of alcohols has been given. The two most common representatives of the series are ordinary alcohol or grain alcohol and wood alcohol. Both are valuable commerci substances, the former being obtained by the distillation of fermented grain or fruit, the latter by the distillation of wood, hence their names. The composition and empirical formulas of the two are similar, viz.. 

Alcohols.—The side chain hydroxyl compounds take the class name of alcohols for they are true aromatic alcohols in formation, reaction and properties. They are neutral not acid, and are formed by methods analogous to those by which the aliphatic alcohols are prepared. They may be looked upon as benzene derivatives of aliphatic alcohols, e.g. CeHs—CH2OH, benzyl alcohol or phenyl methyl alcohol. 

A polyfunctional organic molecule can contain many different kinds of functional groups, but for nomenclature purposes, we must choose just one suffix. It s not correct to use two sufhxes. Thus, keto ester 3 must be named either as a ketone with an -one. suffix or as an ester with an -oate suffix but can t be named as an -onoate. Similarly, amino alcohol 4 must be named either as an alcohol (-ol) or as an amine i-amine) but can t properly be named as an -olamine. The only exception to this rule is in naming compounds that have double or triple bonds. For example, the unsaturated acid H2C=CHCH2C00H is 3-butenoic acid, and the acetylenic alcohol HCSCCH2CH2CH2CH2OH is 5-hexyn-l-ol. 

This compound forms pale yellow needles which sublime without decomposition. It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ether, easily in boiling alcohol. It is formed as described above from euxanthic acid, and is also a constituent of purrde, the lower qualities containing most. It is soluble in aqueous solutions of the alkalies, but possesses no further acid properties. Its alcoholic solution is precipitated by lead acetate. On heating with zinc powder, benzene, phenol, and methylenediphenylene-oxide, CHg—(00114)20 [9], are formed. The last-named compound yields diphenyleneketone-oxide on oxidation,... 

Contrast the names of alcohols with the corresponding names of alkyl halides. If the —OH group were replaced by a chlorine atom, the names of these compounds would be 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane. 

Notice that compounds 4 and 5 are named as hydroxy derivatives of carboxylic acids, rather than as carboxyl derivatives of alcohols. We have seen earlier that hydroxyl groups take precedence over double bonds, and double bonds take precedence over halogens and alkyl groups, in naming compounds. Carboxylic acids outrank all the common groups we have encountered to this point. 

Several molecular compounds have common names that you use every day, such as water, ammonia, and alcohol. But common names can cause confusion. Does ammonia mean ammonia the pure gaseous compound or a solution of ammonia in water, as it is sold in stores And, there are severed compounds known as alcohol. Clearly, a more accurate system of naming compounds is necessary. So here, and in Chapter 4, you can learn how compounds are named following the international rules of chemical nomenclature. The goal of nomenclature is to develop a name that gives all the necessary information to allow someone else to construct the formula of the compound, and vice versa. 

The common names for alcohols are derived from the alkyl group corresponding to the parent compound. The name of the alkyl group is followed by the word alcohol. For some alcohols, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol, historical names are used. The following examples provide the l.U.P.A.C. and common names of several alcohols ... 

Also proposed was a method of determining diisobutylisobutoxyaluminium and isobutyldiisobutoxyaluminium in triisobutylaluminium from the hydrolysis product, namely isobutyl alcohol [101]. Many other examples of the analysis of organometallic compounds from the products of their hydrolysis can be found in an excellent review by Ivanova and Frangulyan [98]. 

An alkyl group name followed by the name of the class of the compound (alcohol, amine, etc.) yields the common name of the compound. The following examples show how alkyl group names are used to build common names ... 

This provides an alternative means of naming compounds. For example, the alcohol 2-propanol, a secondary alcohol, is sometimes referred to as xec-propyi alcohol (sec short for secondary). 

Again this provides a means of naming compounds for example, the alcohol 2-methylpropan-2-ol is sometimes referred to as r( T/-bmaiiol or f /7-bulyl alcohol lerr short for tertiary). 

When potassium hydroxide is dissolved in alcohol, there is likely to be some potassium ethoxide, KOC2H6, formed. (It is incorrect to name compounds of this type alcoholates, since alcoholates correspond to hydrates, while these com pounds correspond to hydroxides.) There is, therefore, a possibility of the formation of ethers when alkyl halides are treated with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydrox-ide. 

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a saturated carbon. A saturated carbon is an 5/7 -hybridized carbon, i.e., a carbon that is bonded to other atoms only through single bonds, no double or triple bonds. The alcohol family has the general formula R—OH and the first member is CH3OH lUPAC name methanol common name methyl alcohol. Other alcohols are... 

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