Acid chloride, alcohols from naming

This is the name given to certain rubber substitutes prepared from fatty oils (linseed, cottonseed, colza, cameline, maize, soja bean, aiachis, castor, etc., or certain oxidised oils) and sulphur or sulphur chloride. Brown jactis is prepared by heating the oils with sulphur and usually forms compact, brown, and somewhat elastic masses. White factis is obtained by heating the oils with sulphur chloride and forms yellowish-white elastic masses, either light or compact or spongy. Both are insoluble in water or dilute acid and almost so in alcohol or acetone they dissolve, but only slowly, in ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide, and arc completely saponified by alcoholic potash. 

They designated these forms ayn, amphi and anti. The writers are aware of only one occasion on which an acetal of a polyhydric alcohol has actually been isolated in isomeric forms of the type under discussion, namely that on which Ness, Hann and Hudson71 obtained two of the four theoretically possible diastereomers of 1,3 5,7-dibenzylidene-D-perseitol. One isomer, having m. p. 153-155° and [a]J° — 58.2° (in pyridine), resulted from the treatment of D-perseitol with benzaldehyde in ethanol at 25°, 50% sulfuric acid being employed as the catalyst. The other, having m. p. 280 2° and [a] ° — 58.1° (in pyridine), was produced when the condensation was carried out at 0° in aqueous ethanol saturated with hydrogen chloride. The former was converted into the latter by recrystallization from a pyridine-alcohol mixture. The corresponding labile and stable forms of l,3 5,7-dibenzylidene-L-perseitol also have been prepared.71 The facility with which the labile form could be converted into its stable isomer in the presence of basic substances may well explain why other workers have failed to isolate isomers of this type. 

Sodium hydroxide forms fused solid pieces, granules, rods, or powder. It rapidly absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. Solutions of sodium hydroxide are very corrosive to animal tissue, and aluminum. It has a melting point of 318 Celsius. Sodium hydroxide is very soluble in water and alcohol. It generates large amounts of heat when dissolving in water, or when mixed with acid. Sodium hydroxide is toxic. Handle sodium hydroxide with care. Sodium hydroxide is a widely available commercial chemical, which is sold under a variety of names such as Lye . Sodium hydroxide is prepared on an industrial scale in a procedure called the chloro-alkali process. In the chloro-alkali process, a sodium chloride solution is electrolysized in a special cell composed of two compartments separated by a porous membrane. Chlorine gas is produced at the positive anode, and sodium hydroxide forms at cathode. 

Caesium Aquo-chlor-ruthenate, Cs2Ru(OH2)Cl3, is an interesting salt inasmuch as it is isomeric with the first chlor-ruthenite to be discovered, namely, Cs2RuCl5. HaO vide supra). It is obtained 3 as a buff precipitate on adding alcohol to the blue filtrate from electrically reduced solutions of ruthenium trichloride and caesium chloride. On crystallisation, rose-coloured prisms are obtained. These are soluble in water, and may be recrystallised unchanged from aqueous hydrochloric acid. 

Benzyl Alcohol.—The simplest aromatic alcohol is the hydroxyl derivative of toluene and is known as benzyl alcohol, CeHs—CH2—OH. The radical, (CeHs—CH2—), is termed benzyl as in the alcohol and chloride above. The alcohol occurs as an ester in Peru balsam, in storax, a resin obtained from a plant sty rax, and in Tolu balsam from which the mother hydrocarbon toluene derives its name. On hydrolysis of the balsam benzyl alcohol is obtained. It is a liquid, b.p. 206.5°, slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol or ether. It may be prepared by those syntheses just given which yield primary alcohols. It may also be prepared by the reduction of the corresponding aldehyde, known as benzoic aldehyde or benzaldehyde (p. 655). On oxidation it yields the aldehyde and then an acid, benzoic acid. 

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