Polyoxyethylene glycols

Pure, discrete diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene glycols are all commercially available from a variety of sources. Pentaethylene glycol and longer polyoxyethylene glycols are generally prepared by condensation of two equivalents of a shorter glycol with a diol dichloride or ditosylate. Such methods have been reported by Pedersen", Cornforth , and Krespan . The approach is illustrated in Eq. (7.1), below. 

Effects due to the addition of water-soluble polymers (polyoxyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol) on water/AOT/decane w/o microemulsions have been reported [190],... 

An aqueous solution of 3% to 6% lignosulfonate and 2% to 8% carboxymethylcellulose, modified with polyoxyethylene glycol ethers of higher fatty... 

There has been a useful review of phase-transfer catalysis in nucleophilic aromatic substimtion. A comparison has been reported of the reactions with nucleophiles of l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (substimtion) and 4-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (dephosphorylation) in neutral micelles of dodecyl (10) and (23) polyoxyethylene glycol. In the substimtion reaction considerable amounts of ether may be formed by reaction with alkoxide ions at the micellar surface. Differences in reactivity of the two substrates are probably due to differences in their location in the micellar structures. ... 

The most common surfactants for analytical applications are nonionic (polyoxyethylene glycol monoethers, polyoxyethylene methyl- -alkyl ethers, t-octylphenoxy polyoxyethylene ethers, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters... 

The mean-square optical anisotropies of four oligomers of polyoxyethylene glycol dimethyl ether are determined from measurements of depolarized Rayleight scattering. They are interpreted using the valence optical scheme and RIS theory. 

Long-cham polymers of ethylene oxide combined with a dihydric alcohol, namely polyoxyethylene glycol, ( Carbo-wax"). 

Gas chromatography has found some applications in the determination of simple aromatics in water. Mel kanovitskaya [31] has described a method for determining C6-C8 aromatics in subterranean waters. In this method the sample (25-50mL) is adjusted to pH8-9 and extracted for 3min with 0.5 or l.OmL of nitrobenzene the extract is washed with 0.3mL of 5% hydrochloric acid or 5% sodium hydroxide solution and with 0.3mL of water adjusted to pH7. The purified extract is subjected to gas chromatography at 85°C on a column (lm><4mm) packed with 15% of polyoxyethylene glycol 2000 on Celite 545 (60-80 mesh) and operated with nitrogen (lOmL min ) as carrier gas, decane as internal standard and flame ionisation detection. 

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Dodecyl ether of polyoxyethylene glycol Polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyol Polyoxyethylene glycol 400 monolaurate Anionic surfactants... 

Figure 2. Relationship between the number of moles of ethylene oxide in octyl- or nonyl-phenol polyoxyethylene glycol ether surfactant molecules and the toxicity index of these surfactants in mixtures with (a) paraquat and (b) dalapon on corn plants.

Figure 3. Relationship between the number of moles of ethylene oxide in octylphenol (%), nonylphenol ( ), or laurylphenol ( J) polyoxyethylene glycol ether surfactant molecules and the toxicity index of these surfactants in mixtures with (a) paraquat, (b) dalapon, and (c) amitrole on corn plants. Herbicides applied at 1/64, 10, and 5 lb./ acre, respectively surfactant concentration was 0.005M in all cases. Toxicity index calculated by expressing fresh weight for each treatment as percentage of untreated control and subtracting this value from 100 (58)...

Many surfactants have been used to formulate microemulsions (1). They were of three types anionic surfactants such as petroleum sulfonates, sodium octyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkaline soaps cationic surfactants such as dodecyl ammonium and hexadecyl eimmonium chlorides or bromides and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene glycols. Furthermore, many exhibit liquid-crystalline properties (2) and in some cases the structure of the mesophases has been established (3). Nevertheless, nearly nothing is known about their compatibility with blood and tissues, and, from our own experience, some exhibit a high lytic power for red cells... 

Alkyl polyglycol ether Alkyl polyoxyethylene glycol HOSTAPUR American Hoechst... 

Gas chromatography has been used to determine arsine in hydrogen-rich mixtures. The arsine was detected on a column containing dioctyl phthalate on polyoxyethylene-glycol as adsorbent with hydrogen as the carrier gas. The limit of detection as arsenious oxide was 0.001 mg. In addition, determinations of down to 4.2 x 10 gl of arsine in silane on various columns have been developed , using dry nitrogen as carrier gas and a... 

Carbowax Carbowax Sentry, Lipoxol Lutrol E PEG Pluriol E polyoxyethylene glycol. 

The polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are a series of polyoxyethylene glycol ethers of n-alcohols (lauryl, oleyl, myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl alcohol). Of the large number of different materials commercially available, four types are listed in the USPNF 23, one type in the JP 2001, and four types in the PhEur 2005. BP Macrogol cetostearyl ether... 

Polyethylene glycol 1000 macrocetyl ether polyoxyethylene glycol 1000 monocetyl ether Cresmer 1000. Ceteareth 6 Cremophor A6 Volpo CS6. 

The same material may also be designated polyoxyethylene glycol 400 stearate or macrogol stearate 400 in which case, the number 400 refers to the average molecular weight of the polymer chain. 

Ethoxylated fatty acid esters macrogol stearates Marlosol PEG fatty acid esters PEG stearates polyethylene glycol stearates poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl) a-hydro-to-hydroxyoctade-canoate polyoxyethylene glycol stearates. 

Crodet S40 E431 Emerest2672 Hodag POE [40] AfS Lipal 395 Lipo-PEG 39-S macrogol stearate 2000 Myrj 52 PEG-40 stearate polyoxyethylene glycol 2000 monostearate polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate Protamate 2000-DPS Ritox 52. 

The reaction proceeds until the free radicals are destroyed by inhibitors or by side-reactions which eventually break the chain. The rancid odour which is a characteristic of oxidised fats and oils is due to aldehydes, ketones and short-chain fatty acids which are the breakdown products of the hydroperoxides. Peroxides (ROOR ) and hydroperoxides (ROOH) are photolabile, breaking down to hydroxyl (HO ) and/or alkoxyl (RO ) radicals, which are themselves highly oxidising species. The presence of residual peroxides in polyoxyethylene glycols (PEGs) is a cause for concern when these excipients are used in formulation, as for example in the case of fenprostalene. ... 

The base used in the formulation of suppositories can often affect the rate of decomposition of the active ingredients. Aspirin decomposes in several polyoxyethylene glycols which are often incorporated into suppository bases. Degradation was shown to be due in part to transesterification, giving the decomposition products salicylic acid and acetylated polyethylene glycol. The rate of decomposition, which followed pseudo first-order kinetics, was considerably greater than when a fatty base such as cocoa butter was used. Analysis of commercial batches of 100 mg indometacin-polyethylene glycol... 

The device of using mixed solvents is resorted to when drug solubility in one solvent is limited or perhaps when the stability characteristics of soluble salts forbid the use of single solvents. Many pharmaceutical preparations are complex systems. Common water-miscible solvents used in pharmaceutical formulations include glycerol, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol and polyoxyethylene glycols. As can be imagined, the addition of another component complicates any system and explanations of the often complex solubility patterns... 

Glyceryl trinitrate, a volatile dmg with a chloroform/water partition coefficient of 109, diffuses from simple tablet bases into the walls of plastic bottles and into plastic liners used in packaging tablets. This partitioning can be prevented if there is included in the tablet formulation an agent (such as polyoxyethylene glycol) which complexes with the dmg substance, thereby increasing its affinity for the tablet phase - in other words, reducing its... 

Struchiie III Polycomplex formed by interaction of polyacid and polyoxyethylene glycol... 

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