Naming systems

Alkanes are covalent compounds in an homologous series which has the general molecular formula C H2 +2. Thus for methane, which is the simplest of the series, n— (there is only one carbon atom), so there are (2x l) + 2 = 4 hydrogen atoms hence methane s formula is CH4. 

Any compound that has only one carbon atom in it has the prefix medi in its name. Any saturated hydrocarbon with a general formula C H2 +2 will have a name ending in ane. Hence CH3H would be meth... ane, or methane. 

The first six members of the alkane series are shown in Table 6.2.1. You can fill in the missing formulae and names in the table. 

The first four members of many homologous series often have trival or non-systematic names, many dating back to the early history of chemistry, but from then on they have more systematic names which show how many carbon atoms there are present eg n = 5 is pentane, ( pent meaning five in Greek). Hex means six in Greek, so = 6 = hexane. 

The emfHrical formula of a compound shows the simplest ratio of each kind of atom in a molecule of the compound, eg. CH3 for ethane. 

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The nomenclature (qv) of polyamides is fraught with a variety of systematic, semisystematic, and common naming systems used variously by different sources. In North America the common practice is to call type AB or type AABB polyamides nylon-x or nylon-respectively, where x refers to the number of carbon atoms between the amide nitrogens. For type AABB polyamides, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is indicated first, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the diacid. For example, the polyamide formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid [60-32-2] is named nylon-6 [25038-54-4], that formed from 1,6-hexanediamine [124-09-4] or hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2] is called nylon-6,12 [24936-74-1]. In Europe, the common practice is to use the designation "polyamide," often abbreviated PA, instead of "nylon" in the name. Thus, the two examples above become PA-6 and PA-6,12, respectively. PA is the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemistry (lUPAC) accepted abbreviation for polyamides. 

Older naming system 2,5-Dimethyl-3heptene 3-Propyl-l, 4-hexadiene... 

Newer naming system 2,5-Dimethylhept-3-ene 3-Propylhexa-1,4-diene)... 

The cis-trans naming system used in the previous section works only with disub-stituted alkenes—compounds that have two substituents other than hydrogen on the double bond. With trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted double bonds, a more general method is needed for describing double-bond geometry. (Tiisub-stitnted means three substituents other than hydrogen on the double bond tetrasubstituted means four substituents other than hydrogen.)... 

New drug application (NDA), 165 New 1UPAC naming system, 177 New molecular entity (NME), number of, 164... 

The names of organic compounds have some system. Each functional group defines a family (for example, alcohols, amines) and a specific modifier is added to identify a particular example (for example, ethyl alcohol, ethyl amine). As an alternate naming system, the family may be named by a general identifying ending (for example, alcohol names end in -ol) and a particular example is indicated by an appropriate stem (ethyl alcohol would be ethanol). These naming systems are illustrated in Tables 18-1 and 18-11. 

The naming system in organic chemistry includes munbers used to specify the positions of functional groups (propan-l-ol, propan-2-ol, hexa-2-ene, 1, 2-dichoroethane etc). New symbols such as p-, o-, m- (para-, ortho-, meta-), a-, P-, E/Z, D-/L-, (- -)/(-), R-/S- etc. are introduced to distinguish isomers of more complex molecitlar structures. 

This paper considers systems of lesser dimensionality than the previous study, namely, systems of two compounds, which (ignoring the vapor) can form only one or two phases. Specifically, excess enthalpies and phase compositions have been measured (at ambient pressure) by isoperibol calorimetry for n-butanol/water at 30.0 and 55.0 °C and for n-butoxyethanol/water at 55.0 and 65.0 °C. (Butanol, or C4E0, is C HgOH butoxyethanol, or C4E1, is C HgCX OH.) The miscibility... 

The position on the periodic chart under lead would be filled by an element of atomic number 114. No such element is yet known, but scientists theorize that this would be a very stable element if it could be found or created, and it might have some very important uses. This much-sought element is referred to as i eka-lead, using the naming system Mendeleyev used for undiscovered elements in the original periodic chart. 

The nomenclature used for phosphorus chalcogen containing molecules is often inconsistent in the literature, with several different naming schemes in current use. Hence for clarity, the naming system employed for the main chalcogen-phosphorus compounds in this chapter is detailed in Figure 1. 

Under low-rainfall and desert conditions, the lack of rainfall results in very different soil conditions. Figure 2.6 shows the profile description of an Aridisol (an arid, desert, region soil) (see Section 2.4 for the explanation of the naming system). All lower horizons contain a high content of sodium ions and most also contain other soluble salts of various kinds. 

Use of the EC naming system will help you deduce the name of the substrate and the chemical change occurring... 

ORIGIN OF NAME Named by the transition naming system of the lUPAC (unnilquadlum) and later named after the New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford (rutherfordlum). 

ORIGIN OF NAME Unnilquadium follows the transitional naming system of lUPAC but originally was named "hahnium" by the Berkeley group in honor of Otto Hahn, who discovered nuclear fission. The American Chemical Society endorsed the name "hahnium" for element 105, but as the Berkeley group continued its work and more isotopes of Q Unp were formed, the lUPAC changed the name "hahnium" to "dubnium" after the city Dubna, Russia, where the first isotopes of unnilpentium were formed. 

In 2003 the Nuclear Research Laboratory in Dubna, Russia, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, collaborated in conducting a 27-day experiment that led to the discovery of ununtrium. They bombarded atoms of americium-243 with ions of calcium-48. This produced, among other particles, four atoms of ununpentium (element 115), which in less than 1/10 of a second decayed by alpha emission into atoms of ununtrium (element 113). Since no formal name has yet been proposed for element 113, lUPAC s temporary naming system was used to name element 113 ununtrium 113). 

ORIGIN OF NAME Ununpentium follows lUPACs temporary naming system for element 115. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Ununoctium (118) follows the temporary naming system of lUPAC for elements that have not yet received proper names. 

The dihaloalkanes having the same type of halogen atoms are named as alkyUdene or alkylene dihalldes. The dihalo-compounds having same type of halogen atoms are further classified as geminal halides (halogen atoms are present on the same carbon atom) and vicinal halides (halogen atoms are present on the adjacent carbon atoms). In common name system, pem-dihalides are named as aUq Udene halides and uic-dihalides... 

Altiiough there are several naming systems for annelated pyridines, we have adopted the nomenclature system where the bond between positions 1,2 is the [a] bond 2,3 is the [b] bond 3,4 is the [c] bond and 4,5 is the [d] bond. 

Site Name System Contaminant Total Cost ( ) Unit Cost... 

In 1952, the American Psychological Association created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I). This book was the result of a four-year effort to develop a standard national naming system for mental disorders. It is updated regularly, and remains the standard by which mental illnesses are defined today. 

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