Common names of alcohols

These are generally used for the simpler molecules of alcohols. Common names of alcohols are derived by naming the alky] group attached to the —OH group and then the word alcohol is added. The prefixes primary, secondary and tertiary may also be used. 

Arts. Refer to Sec. 11.7.1 for the structures and names of the various butyl groups. The common names of alcohols 1(a), 1(b), 11(a), and 11(b) are butyl alcohol, s-butyl alcohol, r-butyl alcohol, and isobutyl alcohol, respectively. 

The common name of an amine consists of the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen, in alphabetical order, followed by amine. The entire name is written as one word (unlike the common names of alcohols, ethers, and alkyl halides, in which ... 

The common name of an ester consists of two words. The first word (methyl, ethyl,...) is derived from that of the alcohol the second word (formate, acetate,...) is the name of the acid with the -ic suffix replaced by -ate. Thus ethyl formate (Table 22.4) is made from ethyl alcohol and formic acid ... 

The common names of 2-methyl-2-propanol are tertiary-butanol and tertiary-butyl alcohol (commonly shortened to tert-butanol and tert-butyl alcohol or even t-butanol and t-butyl alcohol). 

The common names of the alcohols consist of the name of the alkyl group and the word alcohol. For example, CH3OH is methyl alcohol and CH3CH2OH is ethyl alcohol. Some examples of naming alcohols are shown in Figure 3-2. 

Many amines, like other organic compounds, are known by their common names. Their lUPAC names follow that of naming of alcohols, but the ending amine is used. A common practice is to list the names of the groups attached to the nitrogen followed by the ending amine. Thus, CHj-NH would be methylamine. The simplest aromatic is called aniline ... 

The common name of an alcohol is derived from the common name of the alkyl group and the word alcohol. This system pictures an alcohol as a molecule of water with an alkyl group replacing one of the hydrogen atoms. If the structure is complex, the common nomenclature becomes awkward, and the IUPAC nomenclature should be used. 

The names of esters consist of two words that reflect their composite structure. The first word is derived from the alkyl group of the alcohol, and the second word from the carboxylate group of the carboxylic acid. The IUPAC name is derived from the IUPAC names of the alkyl group and the carboxylate, and the common name is derived from the common names of each. The following examples show both the IUPAC names and the common names of some esters ... 

We come now to a series of compounds which has in it many well-known substances, and to which the class name of alcohols has been given. The two most common representatives of the series are ordinary alcohol or grain alcohol and wood alcohol. Both are valuable commerci substances, the former being obtained by the distillation of fermented grain or fruit, the latter by the distillation of wood, hence their names. The composition and empirical formulas of the two are similar, viz.. 

Propanol and 2-propanol are commonly referred to as n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, respectively. The systematic names of alcohols are obtained by replacing the -ane ending of the corresponding alkane with -anol and using a numeric prefix, when necessary, to identify the carbon atom to which the —OH group is attached. Isopropyl alcohol is made from propylene by means of an interesting hydration reaction that is catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The first step is addition of H to the double bond. 

The common names for alcohols are derived from the alkyl group corresponding to the parent compound. The name of the alkyl group is followed by the word alcohol. For some alcohols, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol, historical names are used. The following examples provide the l.U.P.A.C. and common names of several alcohols ... 

An alkyl group name followed by the name of the class of the compound (alcohol, amine, etc.) yields the common name of the compound. The following examples show how alkyl group names are used to build common names ... 

The common name of an alcohol consists of the name of the alkyl group to which the OH group is attached, followed by the word alcohol. ... 

Functional group names are often incorporated into the common name of a compound. For example, a ketone might have a name that ends in one like acetone, and the name of a compound that contains a hydroxyl (alcohol or OH group) might end in ol (e.g., ethanol). The acyl group is the portion of the molecule that provides... 

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) names of alcohols include the name of the hydrocarbon to which the alcohol corresponds and indicate the number of carbon atoms the suffix -o/ denotes an alcohol. Common names use the name of the alkyl group (represented as R in ROM) attached to —OH. For example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and tert/ory-butyl alcohol are the common names for methanol, ethanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol. 

To derive common names for alcohols, we name the alkyl group bonded to —OH and then add the word alcohol. Following are the lUPAC names and, in parentheses, the common names of eight low-molecular-weight alcohols ... 

The common name of the product derived from the reaction of acetaldehyde in base is aldol, so named because it is both an aldehyde and an alcohol. Aldol is also the generic name given to any product formed in this type of reaction. The functional group of the product of an aldol reaction is a /3-hydroxyaldehyde or a /3-hydroxyketone. 

Esters such as 59 are essentially a combination of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The acid part (RCO in 59) is named after the parent carboxylic acid and the alcohol part (OR in 59) is named after the alcohol. To make it work, the alcohol part is treated as an alkyl substituent, so an ester with a methanol component is a methyl ester and an ester with a propanol component is a propyl ester. This alcohol part of the name is followed by the acid part, where the oic acid part of the name is replaced by oate. Ethyl hexanoate is the name of 65 (from ethyl alcohol—ethanol—and hexanoic acid) ethyl ethano-ate (MeCOgEt, 66) is another example. Ethyl ethanoate is a special case in the sense that it is derived from ethanoic acid, which has the common name of acetic acid. Therefore, 66 has a common name that is used most often ethyl acetate. Note the shorthand way of writing ethyl acetate EtOAc, where Et is ethyl and OAc is the acetate unit OgCCHg. 

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