Controls administrative

Use administrative controls such as scheduling to limit worker exposure to many workplace hazards such as working in hot areas. However, OSHA prohibits employee scheduling to meet the requirement of air contaminant exposure limits. The scheduling of maintenance and other high exposure operations during evenings or weekends can reduce exposures. Use job rotation to limit repetitive motion tasks or reduce the exposure time to occupational noise hazards. Use a work-rest schedule for very hazardous or strenuous tasks. 

Workplace rules and safe work practices are considered administrative controls (Table 11-3). We use administrative controls to decide other measures that are aimed at minimizing exposure to hazards. Such measures can include longer rest breaks, additional substitute employees, exercise breaks to vary body motions, or rotation of employees through different jobs to reduce or even out exposure to hazards. Administrative controls are normally used in conjunction with other controls that more directly prevent or control exposure to hazards [2]. 

You also can control hazards with specifically designed work practices and procedures. For example, what precautions are taken by an employee who starts equipment after a jam The supervisor should watch out for any unauthorized modifications of work practices [2], 

OR OSHA lOOw, Hierarchy of Hazard Control Strategies, p. 16, httpy/www.cbs.state.or.us/external/osha/educate/training/pages/materials.html, public domain. 

The negative part of administrative control is just what its name indicates. Administrative control is paperwork that tells someone how to be safe, but does not monitor activities. What happens after a couple of days or a couple of weeks Employees forget to do the task as described. Supervisors forget to enforce the rules of the workplace. Then the employee gets hurt. Controls must be engineered into the site to prevent this type of control. 

The key difference between administrative and other types of control is the reliance on human operators to remember to act and behave in a particular manner. Unfortunately even well-meaning people are unreliable and forgetful particularly when other factors such as fatigue and extraneous distractions are in play. For this reason, administrative controls are considered weak and even multiple layers can be insufficient to mitigate significant hazards. When we find hazards which overly (or exclusively) rely on administrative controls, one should consider the true extent to which the risk is realistically mitigated. 

In the example given above a better solution might be to provide easy access to charging stations, use a longer life battery, a lower power consumption device or have a supply of ready-charged emergency batteries available. Administrative controls should only be the option of choice when they complement more effective strategies or when all other realistic means of control have been exhausted. 

A second approach is to control the hazard through administrative directives. This may be accomplished by rotating workers, which allows you to limit their exposure, or having workers work only in areas where no hazards exist during that part of their shift. This applies particularly to chemical exposures and repetitive activities that could result in ergonomics-related incidents. Examples of administrative controls are 

Your attempt to identify your worksite hazards and address them should be an integral part of your management approach. If the hazards are not addressed in a timely fashion, they will not be identified or reported. If dollars become the main reason for not fixing or controlling hazards, you will lose the motivation of your workforce to identify or report them. 

In November 2007, OSHA announced a final rule regarding employer-paid PPE. Under the rule, all PPE, with a few exceptions, will be provided at no cost to the employee. OSHA anticipates that this 

Employees exposed to safety and health hazards may need to wear PPE to be protected from injury, illness, and death caused by exposure to those hazards. This final rule will clarify who is responsible for paying for PPE, which OSHA anticipates will lead to greater compliance and potential avoidance of thousands of workplace injuries each year. 

The final rule contains a few exceptions for ordinary safety-toed footwear, ordinary prescription safety eyewear, logging boots, and ordinary clothing and weather-related gear. The final rule also clarifies OSHA s requirements regarding payment for employee-owned PPE and replacement PPE. 

Responsibilities (line and staff) Vigor and example Accountability Budget 

The attempt to identify worksite hazards and address them should be an integral part of your management approach. If the hazards are not addressed in a timely 

Remote controlled shutoff valves can reduce the severity of incidents. 

Thermal insulation can be used to maintain lower temperatures in the containers and to provide improved protection from fire. Tank cars, trailers, and other containers can be specified without bottom outlets or be provided with skid-protection for bottom outlets. 

All rail tank cars must be equipped with roller bearing wheels. Using a container designed for the maximum pressure that the contents can generate from ambient conditions will eliminate the need for refrigeration of the container for safety. Overpackaging can be used to provide maximum protection for example, use DOT Specification 105 tank cars instead of general purpose cars. 

Rail cars for chemicals have been designed with shelf couplers or double shelf couplers and reinforced tank ends to reduce releases from accidents. 

In addition to improving safety during transportation by optimizing the mode, route, physical conditions, and container design, the way the shipment is handled should be examined to see if safety can be improved. For example, one company tested to determine the speed required for the tines of the forklift trucks used at its terminal to penetrate its shipping containers. They installed governors on the forklift trucks to limit the speed below the speed required for penetration. They also specified blunt tine ends for the forklifts. 

Personal protective equipment includes a variety of devices and garments to protect workers from injuries. You can find PPE designed to protect eyes, face, head, ears, feet, hands and arms, and the whole body. Personal proteetive equipment includes such items as goggles, face shields, safety glasses, hard hats, safety shoes, gloves, vests, earplugs, earmuflfs, and suits for full body proteetion. 

Requiring specific training and education. Scheduling off-shift work. 

When employees must be present and engineering or administrative controls are not feasible, it will be essential to use PPE an interim control and not a final solution. For example, safety glasses may be required in the work area. Too often PPE usage is considered the last thing to do, in the scheme of hazard control. Personal protective equipment can provide added protection to the employee even when the hazard is being controlled by other means. There are drawbacks to the use of PPE, they are  

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The concern of the government is to prevent tax-free industrial ethanol from finding its way into beverages. To achieve this end, the regulations call for a combination of financial and adininistrative controls (bonds, permits, and scmpulous record keeping) and chemical controls (denaturants that make the ethanol unpalatable). Regulations estabUsh four distinct classifications of industrial ethanol. The classifications with the most stringent financial and adininistrative controls call for Httle or no chemical denaturants. The classifications that call for the most effective chemical denaturants require the least financial and administrative controls. For a Hst of denaturants currently authorized, see Reference 284. 

Completely Denatured Alcohol. Completely denatured alcohol (CD A) escapes the involved financial and administrative controls required of the other classifications of industrial ethanol. No tax is appHed, no bond is required, no permit is needed to enable a customer to purchase CD A. Requirements for records by both producer and user are minimal. These simplified regulations are possible because CDA is denatured with substances that render it totally unfit for beverage purposes. It is also unsuitable where odor is objectionable. CDA and products made from it are, however, governed by special labeling requirements of the BATE. Repackaging of completely denatured alcohol is permitted as long as labeling requirements are met. 

Short development time Allocate enough time for development may result in a less than, more time-efficient PEIA techniques complete knowledge of the hazards administrative controls to decide when to go to full scale production Establish minimum requirements transfer package for process knowledge Require development chemist to be present during initial product runs API RP 750 CCPS G-1 CCPS G-10 CCPS G-25... 

Heat build-up Use shaft speed sensor due to mill run-, Implement administrative controls on adjustable ning too fast. CCPS G-12 CCPS G-23 CCPS G-29... 

Provide operator training and administrative controls (No standing on pipes/fitting, holding of piping/tubing etc.)... 

Are engineering and administrative controls properly maintained and enforced If no, explain. 

Procedural—Using operating procedures, administrative checks, emergency response, and other management approaches to prevent incidents, or to minimize the effects of an incident e.g., hot-work procedures and permits. These approaches are commonly referred to as administrative controls. 

Although many engineers provide only the minimum adequate vessel design to minimize costs, it is inherently safer to minimize the use of safety interlocks and administrative controls by designing robust equipment. Passive hardware devices can be substituted for active control systems. For example, if the design pressure of the vessel system is higher than the maximum expected pressure, an interlock to trip the system on high pressure or temperatures may be unnecessary. 

Humans require time to react to process alarms and control requirements. Reaction time must always be considered early in the plant design. It is inherently safer to decide early in process design what administrative controls the operator will be assigned to activate for safety control. Requiring periodic operator interface to the process system relieves boredom and heightens interest in knowing the current condition of the process. See Sections 6.4 and 6.5. 

Hazard controls include engineering and administrative controls and PPE. Hazard characterization is a tool that is used to develop hazard controls and safe work practices and procedures and to make sure that the appropriate PPE is selected for each job. 

Precautions engineering controls, administrative controls, and protective equipment... 

Ml Ives, burst disks, valves or trips. In addition to hardware systems are human systems such as 1) emergency response, 2) administrative controls,... 

The development of the HRA event tree is one of the most critical parts of the quantification of human error probabilities. If the task analysis lists the possible human error events in the order of ihcir potential occurrence, the transfer of this information to the HRA event tree is fadlitutcd. Each potential eiTor and success is represented as a binary branch on the HRA event tiec. with subsequent errors and successes following directly from the immediately preceding ones. Cure should be taken not to omit the errors that are not included in the task analysis table but might affect the probabilities listed in the table. For example, administrative control errors that affect a task being performed may not appear in the task analysis table but must be included in the HRA event tree. 

LVHV nozzles can create problems that may be sufficiently severe as to prevent their use, usually in the form of ergonomic encumbrances and excessive noise. These problems can be dealt with, to limited extents, and LVHV applications can be effective. It must also be understood that dust control by 1..VHV systems is ultimately limited. No ventilation control measure can ensure sufficient worker protection down to extraordinatily low acceptable dust levels. Worker protection must always be confirmed by industrial hygiene monitoring and evaluation, and administrative control measures such as respiratory protection may be necessary. 

Administrative controls The working method that allows workers to be exposed to set exposures of contaminants in the workplace. Lower exposure levels are achieved by the use of work assignment, job rotation, with set periods working away from the hazard zone. 

Human error assessment Operator/process and equipment interfaces Administrative controls versus hardware... 

Protective Measures Safeguards have been established to prevent or control major problems administrative controls are in piace to cross-check compietion of critical operations. 

G Are administrative controls in place to help achieve desired results ... 

Each cell in tlie matrix (Table 18.4.2) is assigned a risk ranking as indicated by the letters. In this approach, an A level risk corresponds to a very severe consequence with a high likelihood of occurrence. Action must be taken, and it must be taken promptly. At tlie other end of the scale, a E level risk is of little or no consequence witli a low likelihood of occurrence, and no action is needed or justified. For example, a level C risk might warrant mitigation witli engineering and/or administrative controls or may represent risks tliat are acceptable with controls and procedures. 

II Undesirable Should be mitigated with engineering and/or administrative controls to a risk ranking of III or less within a specified time J period such as 12 months I... 

Extrinsic wastes are more functional in nature and are not necessarily inherent to a specific process configuration. These may occur as a result of unit upsets, selection of auxiliary equipment, fugitive leaks, process shutdown, sample collection and handling, solvent selection, or waste handling practices. Extrinsic wastes can be, and often are, reduced readily through administrative controls, additional maintenance or improved maintenance procedures, simple recycling, minor... 

Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and their interrelationships. 

Analyze engineering and administrative controls and consequences of control failures. 

As examples of engineering and administrative controls, the PSM Rule lists "appropriate application of detection methodologies to provide early warning of releases." For systems handling toxic materials, detection methodologies are generally mitigation systems that reduce the severity of consequences after an accident occurs. 

Release HF into storage area potential injuries/fatalities if people in area. Valve V-28 closed, forcing release to stack. 5 Action Item Consider administrative controls or actions to ensure V-28 is closed when operating. 

After this list is reviewed for incompatibilities, individual fume hoods need to be assigned for use with specific chemical classes. A hidden aspect to this situation is the administrative controls which the project leader must enforce in order to keep incompatibles separate. 

Human Factors—Included here are human error assessment, operator/process and operator/equipment interfaces, and administrative controls versus hardware. 

Reliable protections against excessive vacuum should be provided whenever equipment cannot withstand the vacuums that can credibly be achieved. In some low-risk situations, protections may consist of administrative controls implemented by adequately trained personnel. Where the risk of damage is higher or where design standards or codes require, engineered protections should be implemented. 

Effective chemical process security must also consider integration of broader process elements including technology, chemical usage and quantities, procedures, administrative controls, training, and cyber interface with those traditional physical security elements. 

A chemical engineer may have a choice of inherent safety variables, such as quantity stored or process temperatures and pressures, or process safety measures such as emergency isolation valves or containment systems, all of which may greatly reduce the vulnerabilities or the consequences of intentional loss. These are in addition to traditional security measures, which may include physical security, background checks, administrative controls, access controls, or other protective measures. For a more complete discussion of the options, refer to the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety Guidelines for Analyzing and Managing the Security Vulnerabilities of Fixed Chemical Sites and other references.f... 

Countermeasures are actions taken to reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. Countermeasures include hardware, technical systems, software, interdictive response, procedures, and administrative controls. 

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