Administrative control, problems

LVHV nozzles can create problems that may be sufficiently severe as to prevent their use, usually in the form of ergonomic encumbrances and excessive noise. These problems can be dealt with, to limited extents, and LVHV applications can be effective. It must also be understood that dust control by 1..VHV systems is ultimately limited. No ventilation control measure can ensure sufficient worker protection down to extraordinatily low acceptable dust levels. Worker protection must always be confirmed by industrial hygiene monitoring and evaluation, and administrative control measures such as respiratory protection may be necessary. 

Protective Measures Safeguards have been established to prevent or control major problems administrative controls are in piace to cross-check compietion of critical operations. 

In problem solving, geometry control is preferred. Reliance on administrative controls should be minimized. 

The foregoing moderation-cmtrol practices are not completely dependent on engineering or administrative controls to exclude moderator from the flssile material. Certain newer practices have associated technical and administrative problems because the newer practices rely more fully on the exclusion of moderator as the basis for criticality safety. The newer practices are used in the UO powder blending operation and in certain proprietary process steps. The technical problems in establishing the safety of the newer practices relate to ... 

The NRC issued USNRC IN91-77 to alert licensees to the problems that could result from inadequate controls to ensure that shift staffing is sufficient to accomplish all functions required by an event. USNRC IN91-77 called attention to the practice of many licensees of assigning operating staff personnel multiple responsibilities which could impact their ability to perform all of the actions specified in the licensee s administrative controls and required by an event. However, subsequent... 

Focus on critical problems. Select materials to address specific critical problems, based on historical need and/or the potential for major loss. Try to both identify the problem and offer a solution for it. Problems requiring engineering or administrative controls are not likely to be solved by a promotional campaign. Promotion efforts should be directed at problems for which there is a high probability that awareness and attitudes have preventive power. 

Continuing with the plant clean-up laborer example, another solution to the exposure problem may be to apportion the amount of clean-up work over a series of days versus trying to do it aU in 1 day. This administrative control will reduce the daily time factor or duration of exposure without affecting the concentration factor. StUl, the result is a lower daily exposure and a reduced hazard and risk. Another example of an administrative or work practice control would be to do the job faster with more employees, thereby reducing the time factor of exposure for one person while allowing a lower exposure to more people. In this approach, care should be taken so that increasing the number of employees doing the task does not result in an increase of exposure because of the increased activity... 

On the other hand, although intravenous administration avoids problems associated with liberation and absorption, the pharmacokinetics still requires multiple doses to keep concentration almost constant in the therapeutic window. Moreover, all conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms have also the disadvantage that the drug is distributed systemically, which leads to adverse side effects [1]. Nowadays, the trend is towards the search of new systems to achieve a controlled local delivery by reducing systemic side effects and reaching therapeutic concentration. 

In contrast to administrative and work practice controls or personal protective equipment, which occupies the second and third tiers of the hierarchy, respectively, engineering controls fix the problem once and for all. However, because there is such variability in workplace conditions you will need to nse any combination of engineering, work practice, or administrative controls as methods of control for MSD hazards. 

The human body is a remarkably complex biochemical process, and it shares many attributes with more traditional process control problems that have been discussed in earlier chapters. In the event that a body fails to achieve the robust level of self-regulation that occurs naturally (cf. Chapter 24), there are opportunities for medical intervention, often involving the administration of a therapeutic agent (or drug) in a prescribed manner. The therapy can be optimized using open-loop methods, but it is often advantageous to automate the process, thus removing the human from the feedback loop (much as a chemical plant removes the operator from the loop in the transition from manual control to... 

The Clinton Administration (1993-2000) that followed was far more inclined to embrace environmental activism than Reagan or Bush, and far more likely to propose command and control solutions to energy and environmental problems. However, the Clinton Administration also realized the need to allow markets to work, to do otheiwise would result in some of the disastrous consequences of intervention policies used in the 1970s. 

The problem has been recognized by many of the developers concerned, who have consequently themselves adopted the environmental standards of other industrialized nations. In the absence of national controls this is a responsible and laudable approach. However, the piecemeal adoption of standards taken from elsewhere does not take account of local conditions. These conditions may either enhance or limit the ability of the environment to disperse and attenuate or assimilate pollutants (e.g. the occurrence of temperature inversions will limit the dispersion of air pollutants). Similarly, the use to which local resources are put may demand particularly high standards of environmental quality (e.g. the use of sea water or river water as the basis of potable water supply). The choice of standards must also take into account local practices and existing local administration. 

All such animal procedures suffer from the obvious and basic problem that laboratory animals do not behave like humans and that humans cannot reliably interpret their reactions and behaviour. Thus we know that Parkinson s disease is caused by a degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract but its lesion in animals does not produce any condition which resembles human Parkinsonism, except in primates, even though there are functional tests (e.g. rotational movements) which readily establish that loss of dopamine function and also respond to its augmentation (Chapter 15). By contrast, there are many ways, e.g. electrical stimulation and the administration of certain chemicals, to induce convulsions in animals and a number of effective antiepileptic drugs have been introduced as a result of their ability to control such activity. Indeed there are some tests, as well as animals with varied spontaneous seizures, that are even predictive of particular forms of epilepsy. But then convulsions are a very basic form of activity common to most species and epileptic seizures that are characterised by behavioural rather than motor symptoms are more difficult to reproduce in animals. 

The order for the Gelsemium alkaloid preparation to be a practical remedy in the chemotherapy of cancers, caution must be paid to the safety problem. Thus, not only should the dosage itself be strictly controlled, but also further investigation of suitable methods of administration as well as the application of combination forms should be initiated. 

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