Exposure controls

Exposure control is an administrative approach to mitigation that uses behavioral methods, such as ... 

A particularly strict exposure-control policy is applied for carcinogenic chemicals. The OELs are usually lowered considerably even when a chemical... 

B.D, Nauman, E.V. Sargent, R.S. Starkman, W.J. Fraser, G.T. Becker, and G.D. Kirk. "Pertor-niance-based exposure control limits for pharmaceutical active ingredients. Am. Ind. hlyg. Assoc. ]. 57, 5.3-42, 1996. 

Process and equipment integrity Maintenance process and equipment integrity contributes to exposure control at the same time as it enhances process safety... 

The needle stick log will help both employees and employers track all needle sticks to help identify problem areas. The log must be maintained to protect the confidentiality of the injured employee. In addition, employers must have a written Exposure Control Plan that is updated annually. During the annual review, inquiries must be made about new or prospective safer options. If new safer devices are available, they should be adopted for use in the agency. The new guidelines will help reduce needle stick injuries among health care workers and others who handle medical sharps. Safety engineered devices such as self-sheathing needles and needleless systems can be used. 

Author, year Immunotherapy with Number re-exposed Re-exposure by Systemic reaction p verum vs. at re-exposure (%) control ... 

High hazard material - selection of lower hazard material recommended if I substitution is not feasible perform health risk assessment and adopt exposure control strategy to reduce health risks... 

Hazard material perform health risk assessment and adopt exposure control strategy to reduce health risks... 

Experimental design (human study details or strain, number of animals per exposure/control groups, sex, dose administration details) ... 

Successive 24-hr urine specimens were provided by each volunteer. Collection in the dosimeter studies began 24 hr prior to the chlorpyrifos exposure (study day 0) and continued for 3 days based upon the 27-hr half-life of chlorpyrifos in humans (Nolan et al., 1984). Pre-exposure controls were obtained in all cases. Total urine volume was measured for each of the days, and 20- to 30-mL portions were stored frozen prior to analysis. The Sacramento collections were 48 hr and the Riverside collections were approximately 84 hr after re-entry. 

Exposure control Use engineering/technical means, e.g. Low-level filling bowls Suction probes Closed handling systems Soluble packs In-cab electronic sprayer controls Hydraulic boom-folding (These measures should be used in preference to protective clothing)... 

OA is a prevalent disease in the workplace with significant impact on health and quality of life. Management of OA is based on a multidisciplinary approach including methods to identify allergens, use of appropriate exposure control methods, education of the workforce and surveillance (air levels and medical). 

In this paper I have tried to show that measurement of health benefits attributable to TSCA is not feasible. I hope that in doing so I have not belabored the obvious. For new chemicals and for most existing chemicals, prospective evaluation of health benefits to be achieved by various exposure controls will have to be based on extrapolation from microbial and animal data. However, while such extrapolation may be useful in a qualitative sense, quantitative risk assessment techniques involve considerable uncertainty, and in any case have not been developed for chronic effects other than cancer. 

Deciding what are reasonable or unreasonable risks depends on the quantity and quality of information about costs, risks and benefits of different levels of production and exposure controls with respect to a particular chemical or class of... 

Sargent, E.V, and Kirk, G.D. (1988). Establishing airborne exposure control limits in the pharmaceutical industry. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 49 309-313. 

Experimental Design (Human study details or strain, number of animals per exposure/control group, sex, dose administration details) Endrin was administered at doses of 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.49, 0.53, 1.21, and 2.50 mg/kg/day in the diet of dogs for 18 days to 9.9 months, 6 days per week. 

Administrative actions to control exposure to toxic materials are clearly vital, and no program of exposure control can succeed without them. They are, however, indirect, in that they do not directly affect the specific causative conditions. For direct action, we need to consider an engineering approach. This will be presented as a continuation of Step Five in the next chapter. 

Only noncombustible materials should be used in the construction of control room buildings. While walls of masonry construction offer greater protection from external fire exposure, control buildings can be of pre-engineered construction if fire or explosion exposure is minimal. When the possibility of damaging explosion overpressure exists, the entire building design must be carefully evaluated. 

Risk management comprises three elements risk evaluation, emission and exposure control, and risk monitoring. 

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