Hardware systems

A block diagram of the CW-NMRI system is presented in Fig. 10. The system is based around a 7T, 183 mm diameter horizontal bore superconducting magnet (Oxford Instruments, UK), with a computer (800 MHz PC) controlling certain elements of the system electronics via a GPIB IEEE 488 instrument bus and running the sequence control and data acquisition/processing software. A multifunction data 

Parameter Modulation Ramp X Gradient Y Gradient Z Gradient 

This DC error signal is added to the 33 kHz modulation signal, and applied to the DC FM input of the RF synthesiser. The RF synthesiser s transmitted frequency can be varied by + 50 kHz with the application of a 1 V DC error signal, which corresponds to a magnetic field of +1.16 mT at 300 MHz. 

Before describing the operation of the detector circuit, it is instructive to summarise the various signals along different pathways in the CW-NMRI system. These are illustrated in Fig. 12. 

A sample with a w/c ratio of 0.4 by weight (which is at the threshold water content required for complete hydration of OPQ was cured for 28 days in a dry desiccator with a relative humidity of 5%. All surfaces of the sample except the top face were sealed with Parafilm, to promote evaporation of water through this surface only. This was done to disrupt the hydration process in this part of the sample and hence introduce some inhomogeneity into the cured sample. Following the cure period, the Parafilm was removed and the sample was dried in an oven for 48 h at 105°C in order to remove all evaporable water. Water penetration studies were then carried out as described below. 

This section provides an overview of the system hardware, the design principles associated with the process control software, and a summary of the various process control human-machine interfaces. 

The AIMS control and monitoring system includes two major components (1) the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and (2) the Human-Machine Interface (HMl). A PLC was used since the operating system was especially robust and not 

The PLC used for the AIMS is a National Instruments (NI) PXI-1010 chassis with an embedded controller. PXI is the NI version of the Compact PCI standard. 

This computer can be booted under Windows or a proprietary NI real-time operating system. The real-time operating system is used for process control of the AIMS. This computer is responsible for monitoring all of the discrete and analog inputs from the AIMS as well as providing the discrete and analog outputs for process control. 

A MXI-3 bus extender cable connects these chassis by extending the bus of the system beyond the backplane of the PXI-1010 chassis. This is performed using two NI PXI-8330 boards where one is mounted in each chassis. 

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The UT-Acquisition system hardware consists of a 1 channel ultrasonic board, for puls/echo, one or two crystal probes It operates within a frequency range of 0,5 - 15 Mhz and with variable sampling frequencies in steps of 20,40 or 80 MHz... 

Both organizations update their standards from time to time, primarily because the continuing evolutions in control-system hardware provide additional possibihties for implementing control schemes. 

Among other things, one prerequisite necessaiy to calculate the pressure relief openings needed on the apparatus is knowledge about the explosion threat definition and venting system hardware definition. Tne various influences are summarized in Table 26-22. 

Explosion hazard definition Suppression system hardware definition... 

This is the base paekage in eaeh Elliott Digital System. Hardware and software of the EDS deseribed above are integrated into a program that provides the following ... 

The GHH Borsig Turbolog DSP control system used for controlling the machine train is designed to enable dynamic system simulation using the control system hardware and software. Tliis offers two major benefits ... 

During the design of a new process plant, in order to ensure that when the plant is operational its systems (hardware, procedures, training, etc.) will provide the maximum support for error-free operation... 

The pressure that can develop from the shock wave can be destructive to the containing system hardware, particularly in long pipe. F.xaraples of conditions that can develop w ater hammer are ... 

System hardware consists of the central processor, the input devices (usually a keyboard), the output devices (probably both a video display terminal and a hardcopy printer), long-term storage devices, and perhaps communications components. In smaller systems, more than one of these components may be built in to one unit, while in larger systems there may be many units each of several components associated with the system. 

System hardware maintenance also presents some challenges. Trial personnel at the Central location first attempt resolution of hardware malfunctions. If they are unable to resolve the problem, personnel at the central location try to resolve the problem, and if that does not solve the problem a repair order is requested from the vendor as long as there is an active warranty. If the problem persists, the participating site is instructed to ship the device to the central location. If the device is the computer, the site coordinator (SC) is instructed to back up the database before shipping the computer. Personnel... 

The technical architecture Apackage structure (for static dependencies) and collaborations (across technology components, such as UI, business object servers, and databases). These cover all domain-independent parts of the system hardware and software platforms infrastructure components such as middleware and databases utilities for logging, exceptions, start-up, and shutdown design standards and tools and the choice of... 

Network (including communication links). Legacy systems hardware and software have very limited security capabilities, and the vulnerabilities of contemporary systems (based on modern information technology) are publicized. Wireless and shared links are susceptible to eavesdropping and data manipulation. 

Where practical, the distributed control system hardware areas should be provided with an independent HVAC system. 

Operations checks of the system have been designed in to assure appropriate functioning of hardware and software. The installation qualification (IQ), confirming proper setup of system hardware and software, and the operational qualification (OQ), confirming functionality, have long been included in system valida-... 

Minimize exposure of fuel to copper, bronze, or brass fuel distribution and storage system hardware... 

Modifications to engine design and fuel system hardware will be needed to effectively evaluate and utilize DME as an alternative fuel source. 

Functions of each system hardware component or modules The expected operational range of each function and its performance attributes such as the accuracy, precision, and linearity required for its intended use should be defined. 

It is important that no part of the total relief system (including both the relief system hardware and the, chemical reaction system for which the relief system has been designed) is modified without consideration of the safety implications on the overall system. This is facilitated by good documentation, as described above. 

The Installation Qualification consists of a description of the lyophilization equipment, a system hardware and component list, the documentation of the installation procedures, and the equipment start-up and operator training. The IQ also includes references to the purchase specifications, engineering review, and SOPs. The objectives are to assure that the equipment design and construction are appropriate for the intended use, it is installed properly, the utilities are suitable and adequate, and that procedures are in place for proper maintenance and operation. 

System design uses a top-down approach with an appropriate level of design specifications to detail how the system hardware and software will be built to meet the application design requirements defined by the FDS. 

The detailed design and provision of computer system hardware and software to meet the requirements of the FDS... 

Provision of system hardware, software, and associated instrumentation that are part of the contracted supply Application software development, including development testing System assembly Hardwiring of components Documentation preparation... 

There is sufficient information available to enable the computer system (hardware and software) and associated instrumentation to be operated and maintained safely and effectively. 

Definition documentation Design/development documentation Qualification documentation Ongoing evaluation documentation System software System hardware... 

Schematics of MRI system hardware and experimental setup for visualization of an operational PEMFC are shown in Fig. 3 reported by Tsushima et al.27 29. In MRI system for PEMFC visualization...

TDLAS System Hardware for Water Vapor Measurement... 

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