White pine

White pine White rust White s agar White Shoulders White smoke Whitewares Whitewash White water Whitfield s Ointment... 

Northeast spmce and fir hemlock, tamarack, and white pine oak, hickory, and maple aspen and poplar... 

Lake states jack pine and red pine white pine and tamarack red oak, aspen, and maple birch... 

White Pine Ontonagon, Mich. Copper Range Co. j > copper ore, concentrated 50... 

Wood and Wood-Lined Steel Pipe Douglas fir, white pine, redwood, and cypress are the most common woods used for wood pipe. Wood-lined steel pipe is suitable for temperatures up to 82°C (180°F) and for pressures from 1.4 MPa (200 Ibhin ) for the 4-in size, through 0.86 MPa (125 IbFin ) for the 10-in size, to 0.7 MPA (100 Ibf/ in") for sizes larger than 10 in. For fume stacks and similar uses, wood-stave pipe with rods on 0.3-m (1-ft) centers is most satisfactory because it permits periodic tightening. In recent years reinforced plastics have supplanted wood pipe in most applications. 

Maple-beech-birch 6 -15 Terpene foliates are hemlock and white pine... 

Pimen-kem, m. pine kernel, pifion, -kiefer,/. white pine (Pinus sirobus) -talg, m. piney tallow. 

Hunt, R. S. and von Rudloff, E. 1977. Leaf-oil-terpene variation in western white pine populations of the Pacific Northwest. For. Sci. 23 507-516. 

Using the CRC Handbook or another table of densities, find the densities for each of the four woods oak, white pine, balsa, and cedar. Record these ranges. Decide which of the woods your sample might represent. Your answer should be based on both your calculated averaged density and your qualitative observations about the sample. For example, find out if any of the wood types emit a distinct odor or are known as a light-colored or dark-colored wood. 

Martin RR, Zanin JP, Bensette M J, Lee M, Furimsky E. Metals in the annual rings of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in southwestern Ontario by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Can J For Res 1997 27 16-19. 

Mauk, J. L. and Hancock, R. G. Y. (1998). Trace element geochemistry of native copper from the White Pine mine, Michigan (USA) implications for sourcing artefacts. Archaeometry 40 97-107. 

Higmhi, T. Studies of Lignin using Isotopic Carbon X [cf. (2.5)]. Formation of Lignin from Phenylpropanoids in Tissue Culture of White Pine. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 40, 31—34 (1962). 

In areas where pine trees are raised commercially, there may be restrictions on buying and planting black currants due to the potential for spreading white pine blister rust, a fungal disease that is passed back and forth between pine trees and some species of currants and gooseberries. Check with your university extension service before buying plants. 

Prepare the soil, buy, and plant following the advice given for red currants (see p.316), including checking for local planting restrictions due to the threat of white pine blister rust. Choose cultivars that are resistant to American gooseberry mildew. 

Gerhold, H. D., and G. H. Plank. Monoterpene variations in vapors from white pine and hybrids. Phytochemistry 9 1393-1398, 1970. 

Ozone causes both quantitative and qualitative changes in carbon dioxide fixation patterns. Wilkinson and Bames, using carbon dioxide-found a reduction in radioactivity in soluble sugars and increases in free amino acids and sugar phosphates in white pine after a 10-min exposure to ozone at 0.10 ppm. Miller observed a decrease in carbon dioxide-fixation in ponderosa pines that correlated with loss of chlorophyll, after exposure to ozone at 0.30-0.35 ppm. The Hill reaction rates of chloroplasts isolated from healthy and ozone-injured ponderosa pine indicated that both light and dark reactions of the chloroplasts from ozone-injured plants were depressed. Barnes found depressed photosynthesis and stimulated respiration in seedlings of four pine species of the southeastern United States after exposure to ozone at 0.15 ppm. 

Differential susceptibility of individual clones of eastern white pine to ozone and sulfur dioxide was shown by Berry and Heggestad and Costonis. When Dochinger et a/. determined that chlorotic dwarf could be caused by an interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide, th used a chlorotic dwarf-susceptible clone to eliminate the genotype variable. Houston tested the response of tolerant and susceptible clones of eastern white pine (on the basis of symptom expression under ambient conditions) to ozone or sulfur dioxide. Injury caused by sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide plus ozone correlated well with the earlier field responses, but ozone did not produce a consistent response. They also found that a 6-h exposure to a mixture of sulfur dioxide and ozone caused a difference in needle elongation between clones within tolerant and sensitive groups. This suggests that tolerance may function over a wide range of responses. 

Linzon reported snb symptoms on white pine after several days of wet weather followed by a continuous sunny period. Symptoms were noted several times during the 1957-1964 growing seasons at Chalk River, Ontario, but time of occurrence did not correlate well with peak oxidant concentrations. Berry and Ripperton observed emergence tipbum on susceptible trees in West Virginia several days after oxidant peaks of 0.065 ppm. They found that container-grown susceptible pine clones were protected from injury if placed in a chamber supplied with charcoal-filtered air. 

There are several reports of the use of ozone with biotic pathogens, and the responses noted were independent of each other. These reports include Lophodermium pinastri infection of white pine, Fusarium. infection of cabbage, Botrytis infection of poinsettia bracts, rust on bean, and brown root rot of tomato. These results could reflect the conditions used. 

Even that kind of information is not available for forest species. Other than chronic injury to white pine (associated with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures), no clearly defined examples of chronic injury from ozone have been reported for eastern forests, and no information is available on PAN. It is of interest that both Virginia and jack pine appear more sensitive than white pine to acute ozone exposures, but chronic symptoms have not been observed in either species. The relationship between oxidant dose and injury in the San Bernardino Mountains area suggests that ponderosa pine is moderately to severely injured in areas that receive oxidant at above 0.08 ppm for 12-13 h each day (Chapter 12). Ponderosa pine seems to be the most sensitive western pine, but in some areas Jeffrey pine is about as sensitive. White fir, incense cedar, and sugar pine all appear more tolerant, even to the high oxidant concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains. PAN may play some role in the chronic responses noted in the western forest species, particularly by broadleaf deciduous trees and some shrubs. 

Houston and Houston and Stairs did clonal repeatability analyses to determine genetic control of tolerance in white pine with an ozone-sulfiir dioxide mixture and a 6-h exposure. Th used needle elongation and two injury estimates in assessing effects. The repeatability estimates indicated that tolerance to the pollutant mixture is under genetic control. The nature of the inheritance of tolerance is still not understood, but field selection of tolerant or susceptible individuals is possible. Demeritt et reported an evaluation system that used... 

L. S. Dochinger (personal communication) was able to predict chlorotic dwarf on seedbed white pine with greater than 90% accuracy. Taylot found that susceptible and resistant tobacco could be identified in seedbeds. Both suggested that, for some sensitive plants, time could be saved by visual screening of transplant beds and the use of only the more resistant members of the population as transplants. 

Barnes, R. L.. and C. R. Berry. Seasonal Changes in Carbohydrates and Ascorbic Acid of White Pine and Possible Relation to Tipbum Sensitivity. U.S. Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Research Note SE-124. Asheville. N.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1%9. 4 pp. 

Berry, C. R. Relative sensitivity of red, jack, and white pine seedlings to ozone and sulfur dioxide. Phytopathology 61 231-232, 1971. 

Beny, C. R. The differential sensitivity of eastern white pine to three types of air pollution. J. Can. Forest. Res. 3 543-547, 1973. 

Berry, C. R., and L. A. Ripperton. Ozone, as possible cause of white pine emergence tipbum. Phytopathology 53 552-557, 1963. 

Botkin, D. B., W. H. Smith, R. W. Carlson, and T. L. Smith. Effects of ozone on white pine saplings Variation in inhibition and recovery of net photosynthesis. Environ. Pollut. 3 273-289, 1972. 

Costonis, A. C. Acute foliar injury of eastern white pine induced by sulfur dioxide and ozone. Phytopathology 60 994-999. 1970. 

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