Differential sensitivity

Sensitive differential pressure Instrument connected to Pitot tube... 

Next we find an expression for the meehanical sensitivity. Differentiation of Equation (3.161) with respeet to g gives... 

In summary, at each iteration given the current estimate of the parameters, k , we obtain x(t) and G(t) by integrating the state and sensitivity differential equations. Using these values we compute the model output, y(tj,k ), and the sensitivity coefficients, G(t,), for each data point i=l,...,N which are subsequently used to set up matrix A and vector b. Solution of the linear equation yields Ak M) and hence k ]) is obtained. 

A3 AIBN c Cp DLS DLVO DSC EO GMA HS-DSC KPS LCST Osmotic third virial coefficient 2,2 -Azobis(isobutyronitrile) Polymer concentration Partial heat capacity Dynamic light scattering Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek Differential scanning calorimetry Ethylene oxide Glycidylmethacrylate High-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry Potassium persulphate Lower critical solution temperature... 

One such property, as has been demonstrated (see [26]), is the change in partial heat capacity of the copolymer solution upon the heat-induced conformational transition of macromolecules. Such a change was detected by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HS-DCS). The DSC data for the NVCl/NVIAz-copolymers synthesized at initial comonomer ratios of 85 15 and 90 10 (mole/mole) are given as thermograms in Fig. 4. 

A1 Rat fetal intestinal epithelial cells Temperature-sensitive differentiation More suited to study paracellular transport (leakier pores) than Caco-2... 

Other cell lines used in permeability studies include the T84 human colonic adenocarcinoma colonic crypt cell model. This line has a reduced carrier expression, secrets mucus, and has very high resistance [31, 32], The IEC cell line is a rat fetal intestinal epithelium cell with higher permeabilities than Caco-2 cells [33], LLC PKi is a pig kidney epithelial cell line with low expression of efflux systems, but expression systems for transport proteins [32], 2/4/A1 cells are a conditionally immortalized rat fetal intestinal epithelium line with crypt cell-like morphology and temperature-sensitive differentiation [34], They form differentiated monolayers with tight junctions, increased brush border enzymes when grown on extracellular matrices with laminin. Transport of drugs with LP in 2/4/A1 monolayers was comparable to that in the human jejunum and up to 300 times faster than that in Caco-2 monolayers. In contrast, the permeability of HP drugs was comparable in both cell lines [34],... 

Ultra-sensitive differential measurement of cortisol and > cortisone in biological samples using fluorescent ester derivatives in normal phase HPLC. (162)... 

Mikheeva, L.M., Grinberg, N.V., Grinberg, V.Ya., Khokhlov, A.R., de Kruif, C.G. (2003). Thennodynaniics of micellization of bovine P-casein studied by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Langmuir, 19, 2913-2921. 

McDaid FM, Barker S A, Fitzpatrick S, Petts CR, Craig DQM. Further investigations into the use of high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry as a means of predicting drug-excipient interactions. Int J Pharm 2003 252 235-240. 

Brooken et al39 described a sensitive differential pulse polarographic assay for phenytoin in blood. It involves extraction of phenytoin into chloroform followed by nitration. The analysis of the nitro derivative is then accomplished. 

Thermistors have the desirable characteristics of small size, narrow spans, fast response (their time constant can be under 1 second), and a very high sensitivity. They do not need a cold-junction compensation, errors due to contact or lead-wire resistance are insignificant, and they are well suited for remote temperature sensing. They are inexpensive, their stability increases with age, and they are the most sensitive differential temperature detectors available. 

Vulnerability A matrix of physical, chemical, biological, social, and cultural factors that result in certain communities and subpopulations being more susceptible to environmental factors because of greater exposure to such factors or a compromised ability to cope with and/or recover from such exposure. Four types of vulnerability are considered with regard to a life stage approach susceptibility or sensitivity, differential exposure, differential preparedness, and differential ability to recover. 

The added attraction of the transition from myoblast to myotube is the synchrony with which differentiation occurs in vitro. Myogen-esis will occur in primary cultures of skeletal muscle (e.g. 6.12) but can also be induced in diploid myoblast lines (Richter and Yaffe, 1970) which has allowed the selection of mutants (Chapter 13) that exhibit drug resistance or temperature-sensitive differentiation (Loomis et al., 1973 Somers et al., 1975). Holtzer et al. (1975) and Fiszman and Fuchs (1975) have developed a myoblast line transformed with a temperature-sensitive virus. At the permissive temper-... 

The electrobalance (I) is a high pressure Sartorius microbalance (type 4436 MP 81, resolution 1 /Jg). The weight of the catalyst is continuously measured and recorded. Nitrogen blanketing prevents damage of the electrobalance by hydrocarbons. The nitrogen (L Air Liquidc (99.8+)) causes an additional dilution of the reaction mixture, A sensitive differential pressure meter (m) (range from -1 till 4 mm H20) indicates the pressure difference between the balance chamber and the reactor. 

Cadoni C, Solinas M, Di Chiara G (2000) Psychostimulant sensitization differential changes in accumbal shell and core dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 388 69-76. 

In Table A.l, the obtrusive difference between carbon monoxide and hydrogen is the zero response of the carbon monoxide logjo f to pressure, in contrast to the significant response of hydrogen, for which logigl, the electrical output AG, and each decline with pressure. The same pressure sensitivity differentiates hydrogen fuel in the next section. 

Wu, S. Y., Ho, H. P., Law, W. C., Lin, C. L., Kong, S. K. (2004) Highly sensitive differential phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on the Mach-Zehnder configuration. Optics Letter 29 2378-2380. 

Mabrey S, Sturtevant JM. High-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry in the study of biomembranes and related model 41. systems. In Methods in Membrane Biology, Volume 9. Korn ED,... 

Mabrey S, Sturtevant JM. Investigation of the phase transitions of lipids and lipid mixtures by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976 73 3862-3866. 

If the original system of kinetic differential equations (4.1) is differentiated with respect to kj, the following set of sensitivity differential equations is obtained ... 

The most efficient algorithm for the solution of the sensitivity differential equations is called the decoupled direct method (ddm), which was first applied in chemical kinetics by Dunker [67, 68]. He drew attention to the fact that equations (4.1) and (4.6) have the same Jacobian, so that a stiff ode solver will use the same step size and order of approximation in the solution of both odes. The ddm method first takes a step for the solution of equation (4.1) and then performs steps for the solution of equation (4.6) for / = 1,. . . , m. The procedure is repeated in the subsequent steps. Since the Jacobian of the equations is the same, it has to be triangularized only once for each time interval. This method is applied in the program SENKIN [69]. 

Tab. 13.9 Efficiency of diagnostic procedures in cholestasis determination of cholestasis (= sensitivity), differentiation between intrahepatic and extra-hepatic cholestasis (= specificity)...

A highly sensitive differential pulse polarographic method has been developed for the determination of trace levels of sulfa drugs after diazotization and coupling with AM-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride. For the coupled diazo product of sulfacetamide, at pH 1.6 and with 0.01 M KH2PO4 as base electrolyte, the peak current at -0.070V versus SCE is increased linearly in the concentration range... 

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