Eastern White pine,

Martin RR, Zanin JP, Bensette M J, Lee M, Furimsky E. Metals in the annual rings of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in southwestern Ontario by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Can J For Res 1997 27 16-19. 

Differential susceptibility of individual clones of eastern white pine to ozone and sulfur dioxide was shown by Berry and Heggestad and Costonis. When Dochinger et a/. determined that chlorotic dwarf could be caused by an interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide, th used a chlorotic dwarf-susceptible clone to eliminate the genotype variable. Houston tested the response of tolerant and susceptible clones of eastern white pine (on the basis of symptom expression under ambient conditions) to ozone or sulfur dioxide. Injury caused by sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide plus ozone correlated well with the earlier field responses, but ozone did not produce a consistent response. They also found that a 6-h exposure to a mixture of sulfur dioxide and ozone caused a difference in needle elongation between clones within tolerant and sensitive groups. This suggests that tolerance may function over a wide range of responses. 

Beny, C. R. The differential sensitivity of eastern white pine to three types of air pollution. J. Can. Forest. Res. 3 543-547, 1973. 

Costonis, A. C. Acute foliar injury of eastern white pine induced by sulfur dioxide and ozone. Phytopathology 60 994-999. 1970. 

Costonis, A. C., and W. A. Sinclair. Relationships of atmospheric ozone to needle blight to eastern white pine. Phytopathology 59 1566-1574, 1%9. 

Dochinger, L. S., F. W. Bender. F. L. Fox. and W. W. Heck. Chlorotic dwarf of eastern white pine caused by an ozone and sulphur dioxide interaction. Nature 225 476, 1970. 

Houston, D. B., and G. R. Stairs. Genetic control of sulfur dioxide and ozone tolerance in Eastern white pine. Forest Sci. 19 267-271, 1973. 

Linzon, S. N. Damage to eastern white pine by sulfur dioxide, semUmature-tissue needle blight, and ozone. J. Air PoUut. Control Assoc. 16 140-144, 1966. 

Linzon, S. N. Semimature-tissue Needle Blight of Eastern White Pine and Local Weather. Ontario Department of Forestry, Research Laboratories Information Report O X-1, 1965. 

Injury to important primary-producer species constituting forest ecosystems is not limited to California. In the eastern United States, a disease called emergence tipbum of eastern white pine was related to ozone by Berry and Ripperton. Occurrence of similar symptoms on the same species in eastern Canada could not be definitely related to ozone by Linzon.- The disease is characterized by bands of necrosis initiated in the semimature tissue of elongating needles the necrosis spreads to the needle tip. In other studies with ozone fumigations at 0.07 ppm for 4 h or 0.03 ppm for 48 h, the tipbum appeared additional symptoms were silvery or chlorotic flecks and chlorotic mottling. - ... 

Under forest conditions, the affected trees occur randomly in the stand the same trees are injured successively in a single season or in successive years.- Eastern white pine either forms pure stands or occurs in mixtures with other species in abandoned fields under these conditions, it is an important pioneer tree. In established stands, it is a major component of 4 forest types and an associate in 14 other types with a range extending over 7 million acres from the Lake States to the Applachian Mountains. Berry reported that emergence tipbum occurs throughout the natural range of this species there is also evidence of a slow decline in tree vigor due to the deterioration of feeder rootlets. 

Higher concentrations of ozone in the forested areas of the eastern United States would undoubtedly cause greater injury to eastern white pine and other forest species. Chapter 11 reports additional studies that suggested that other conifer species, in particular Virginia pine and jack pine, may be more sensitive to ozone than eastern white pine. In addition, there is a synergistic interaction between low concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that is the cause of the chlorotic dwarf disease... 

Oxidant injury to eastern white pine in some forest stands in the eastern United States is a significant problem. There is an important concern about injury caused by a ergistic reaction between ozone and sulfur dioxide at low concentrations. 

Ozone and related oxidants are estimated to be responsible for about 95% of the annual 130 million crop loss caused by air pollutants in the United States. Reports have indicated that ozone can seriously damage important crops such as spinach, beans, petunias, citrus, tobacco, soybeans, and alfalfa, and forest trees such as Eastern white pine and Ponderosa pine. 

Raiber S, Schroder G, Schroder J. 1995. Molecular and enzymatic characterization of two stilbene synthases from Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) A single Arg/His difference determines the activity and the pH dependence of the enzymes. FEBS Lett 361 299-302. 

Linzon, S. N., Damage to Eastern White Pine by Sulfur Dioxide, Semi-... 

Eastern white pine Pinus strobus L.) Ozone, S02 32... 

The resistance to ozone-induced tipburn in onions mentioned earlier is being incorporated into commercial onion varieties primarily for the Midwest at the University of Wisconsin (12). In a program at the University of Tennessee, dark green vigorous trees have been selected in stands of eastern white pine in which most trees have died because of sensitivity to ozone, S02, and automobile exhaust constituents. Crosses have been made to determine the genetics of resistance, and a formal breeding orchard of resistant trees has been established (13). 

Berry, C. R., Hepting, G. H., Injury to Eastern White Pine by Unidentified... 

Pirns strobus (eastern white pine) (Pinaceae)... 

Plate 12. Mottling of one year old needles of Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Place unknown. Photograph courtesy ot Arthur Costonis, July f. 19. ... 

Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) were affected in Eastern North America and California respectively. The disease was attributed to elevated concentrations of photochemical oxidants and partially of sulfur dioxide (Hepting, 1964 Linzon, 1958). 

The cortex of Finns strobus, the eastern white pine, is the source of strobic acid. The unusual structure (39) has been assigned to account for formation, upon ozonolysis, of the known keto-ester (40). 

Figure 19 SEM and energy dispersive analysis micrographs (175x) showing mineral distribution, Ca, Si, and Al, localization in a frozen, planar transverse section 1 mm behind the tip in a second year needle of Pinus strobus (Eastern white pine) (a) secondary electron image, (b) calcium distribution, (c) Si distribution, and (d) Al distribution. Abbreviations endodermis (en), epidermis (ep), hypodermis (hy), mesophyll (me), transfusion tissue (tr), vascular tissue (vt), and xylem wall (xw) (courtesy of M. J. Hodson and A. G. Sangster, unpublished collection).

Figure 9. Light micrograph of the earlywood-to-latewood transition within softwood growth increments as viewed in cross section. Key A, abrupt transition in eastern larch, with thick-walled latewood fibers (D = resin duct) and B, gradual transition in eastern white pine, with relatively thin-walled latewood fibers.

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