Sugar pine

Tables usually are surfaced either with heavy battleship linoleum or with rubber. The riffles may be a clear grade of sugar pine or may be rubber strips. Such riffles usually taper from the feed end of the table to the discharge end. Almost all mill operators employ different styles of riffling table, which they believe best for their particular separations. The usual method of riffling is shown in Fig. 19-28.

Sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana, acute single exposure of LD50 (30 days postexposure) 1... 

Even that kind of information is not available for forest species. Other than chronic injury to white pine (associated with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures), no clearly defined examples of chronic injury from ozone have been reported for eastern forests, and no information is available on PAN. It is of interest that both Virginia and jack pine appear more sensitive than white pine to acute ozone exposures, but chronic symptoms have not been observed in either species. The relationship between oxidant dose and injury in the San Bernardino Mountains area suggests that ponderosa pine is moderately to severely injured in areas that receive oxidant at above 0.08 ppm for 12-13 h each day (Chapter 12). Ponderosa pine seems to be the most sensitive western pine, but in some areas Jeffrey pine is about as sensitive. White fir, incense cedar, and sugar pine all appear more tolerant, even to the high oxidant concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains. PAN may play some role in the chronic responses noted in the western forest species, particularly by broadleaf deciduous trees and some shrubs. 

With all size classes considered, 16.1% had slight, 33.3% moderate, 31.2% severe, and 19.4% very severe injury. White fir and incense cedar are well established in the understory, but their poorer survivorship to 12.00-23.99 in. (30.5-60.9 cm) in dbh compared with ponderosa pine suggests that other mortality factors have acted heavily on them in the past. Incense cedar and sugar pine are the most tolerant to oxidant, but sugar pine is present in very low numbers. The accelerated mortality of ponderosa pines has particular significance in this ecosystem, because it is the dominant member of the climax community. 

Tree Size Gass Ponderosa Pine Incense Cedar White Fir Sugar Pine... 

Thus, tree squirrels are a major source of loss of seeds of ponderosa, Jeffrey, and sugar pine and of black oak acorns. Vertebrates, then, can have a major effect on the reproduction of these species, particularly because the gray squirrel is only one of numerous species in this forest that feed on coiner seeds and acorns. 

California black oak and white fir and less often on incense cedar in the San Bernardino Mountains. No direct effects of oxidants have been noted on the mistletoe plant itself under field conditions. The true mistletoe obtains mainly water from its host and would be indirectly affected by debilitation of die host tree. The dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium spp.) are common on ponderosa, Jeffry, and sugar pines in the San Bernardino National Forest. They depend on their host for both water and carbohydrates. Heavily infected or broomed" branches on ponderosa or Jeffrey pines severely injured by ozone often have more annual needle whorls retained than do uninfected branches on the remainder of the tree. The needles are also greener. It can be hypothesized that the infected branch is a carbohydrate sink where a pooling of carbohydrates occurs higher carbohydrate concentrations may be instrumental in either preventing or helping to repair ozone injury to needles on the broomed branches. In the long term, stresses from mistletoe and ozone are probably additive and hasten tree death. 

Anderson contributed a paper to the 1956 International Consultation on Insulation Board, Hardboard and Particle Board (26). In addition to a good review of the literature, the paper contained results of further experimentation using the barks of several more species as furnish for wet-process hardboard. New species included ponderosa pine, sugar pine, southern pine, pinyon pine, lodgepole pine, noble fir, and red oak. Ponderosa pine bark produced hardboard comparable to Douglas-fir bark in both strength and moisture resistance. The other species varied widely in these properties. 

Species and Age Composition in Relation to Site. Combining all sites on the study area, the species composition in the understory (seedlings up through poles 11.99 inches dbh) is ponderosa pine, 22.2% incense cedar, 48.6% white fir, 22.8% and sugar pine, 6.3%. In the overstory (trees larger than 12.00 inches dbh) it is ponderosa, 49.6% incense cedar, 22.7% white fir, 19.7% and sugar pine, 8.0%. Table I shows the actual numbers in each size class. 

Black oak was not included in the survey initially, but a separate sample of oaks and conifers 4.00 inches dbh or larger was obtained in a 100 X 550 ft plot on the ridgetop where it comprised 11.0% of the stand. In this sample, the conifer composition was ponderosa pine, 60.4% incense cedar, 20.6% white fir, 5.8% and sugar pine, 2.2%. 

Ponderosa pine was most abundant at the upper end of the study area on the rounded ridge crest overlooking the urban basin to the south. White fir (saplings and poles) became more numerous on the various microaspects of the generally north-facing slope. Incense cedar and sugar pine were more uniformly distributed over the area. 

Survival and Competition in Early Growth Stages. The selective death of ponderosa pine in a conifer mixture with sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar is an incident which directly affects other conifer species in the community. The conifer species compete with each other and with broad-leaved tree and shrub species for available light, soil moisture, nutrients, and space throughout their life span. 

Under environmental conditions in the Stanislaus National Forest, in central California, which may or may not be comparable with those in the southern California mountains, long-term observations of seedling regeneration indicated ponderosa and sugar pines were favored by removal of the overstory, understory, and ground competition white fir was favored by a light overstory which prevented frost damage (18). In that study, incense cedar was selectively removed by cutworms (Noc-tuidae), which made it difficult to assess the comparative effect of the physical environment on survival. 

On the upper one-third of the study area, which is a more windswept and severe site, there is already some indication that white fir does not grow well there. It is known that white fir is more subject to wind-throw than ponderosa pine (14). Perhaps sugar pine and incense cedar will make up a greater proportion of the future stand however, if natural regeneration is relied upon, the present supply of sugar pine seed trees is limited to only three per acre. Both species may have difficulty becoming established on the more barren, dry sites. 

A similar test was conducted using sugar pine in an area of heavy current attacks by D. ponderosae. The result was an excellent 13-week protection of 99.5% by both lindane surface and tissue deposits (total attacks checks 193, surface and tissue deposits one each). 

Free compound in the wood of California sugar pine Free compound in the latex of Hevea brasiliensis... 

Blue-stain is very severe on the white pines and is particularly noticeable because of their white wood. Plate 1, left part, shows a section from a sugar pine rib web in which the sapwood is stained to some extent. The small, darker, bluish black spots are the ends of the medullary rays, in which, as before stated, the fungous mycelium is moBt abundant. The longer streaks are the resin ducts. 

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