Water-free powders

Sorbic acid is produced and marketed in the United States in the dust-free powder form. The 1995 tmckload (TL) Hst price was U.S. 8.60— 8.80/kg for food grade and 12.41/kg for National Formulary (NF) grade. Water-soluble potassium sorbate is marketed as a powder or as granules. The 1995 TL Hst price was U.S. 7.90— 8.15/kg for food grade and 11.75/kg for NF grade. In addition to Eastman, the only U.S. producer, there are four Japanese producers and two producers in the European Union. Worldwide consumption in 1994 was approximately 2700—3000 metric tons and the nameplate productive capacity was approximately 2900—3100 metric tons. 

Povidone—iodine is a brown, water-soluble powder containing approximately 10% iodine. However, the amount of free iodine, which is responsible for the antimicrobial activity, is low in a concentrated solution, but is released as the solution is diluted (41). Concentrated solutions have actually been contaminated with bacteria (42). For use as an antiseptic, povidine—iodine is diluted with water or alcohol to a concentration of 1% iodine. Detergents are added if it is used as a surgical scmb. lodophors are important as broad-spectmm antiseptics for the skin, although they do not have the persistent action of some other antiseptics. They are also used as disinfectants for clinical thermometers that have been used by tuberculous patients, for surface disinfection of tables, etc, and for clean equipment in hospitals, food plants, and dairies, much as chlorine disinfectants are used. 

With continuous development of systems for controlled drug release, new materials are being used whose influence on peptide stability must be carefully examined. Thus, the model hexapeptide Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala (Fig. 6.30) embedded in poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) matrices had rates of deamidation that increased with increasing water content or water activity, and, hence, with decreasing glass transition temperature (Tg). However, the degradation behavior in the two polymers differed so that chemical reactivity could not be predicted from water content, water activity, or T% alone. Furthermore, the hexapeptide was less stable in such hydrated polymeric matrices than in aqueous buffer or lyophilized polymer-free powders [132],... 

Innovation process Water-based low-solvent dipping coatings have been state-of-the-art for some time as primers. In the mid 1980s the development of water-based fillers and topcoats was advanced by VW. These have become estabhshed extensively in Germany. Solvent-free powder clear coatings have been used by DaimlerCluysler (as powder slurry suspended in water) and by BMW since 1997. 

The sorbitol solution produced from hydrogenation is purified in two steps [4]. The first involves passing the solution through an ion-exchange resin bed to remove gluconate and other ions. In the second step, the solution is treated with activated carbon to remove trace organic impurities. The commercial 70% sorbitol solution is obtained by evaporation of the water under vacuum. The solid is prepared by dehydration until a water-free melt is obtained which is cooled and seeded. The crystals are removed continuously from the surface (melt crystallization). The solid is sold as flakes, granules, pellet, and powder forms in a variety of particle size distributions. 

Dosage form Leukine is formulated as a sterile, preserved, injectable solution (500pg/l) in a 1ml vial. Lyophilized Leukine is a sterile, preservative-free powder (250 pg) that requires reconstitution with sterile water for injection or bacteriostatic water for injection. 

Cis-dibromo-diethylenediamino-chromic Bromide, [Cr en2I3r2] Br.H20, is obtained by evaporating a solution of bromo-bisaquo-bromide with a little hydrobromic acid on a water-bath and treating the residue, which is mainly water-free dibromide, with a small quantity of water, when it yields a finely crystalline violet powder. The anhydrous dibromide is formed as a violet powder by heating bromo-bisaquo-chromic bromide and cis-dibisaquo-chromic bromide to 100° to 120° C. 

Argentine Naval Powder Factory Method (Azul, ProvBuenosAires) a)Dissolve 8-9 g of Pb nitrate in filtered water free of Cla, chlorides and gritty materials b)Dissolve 3g of Na azide in 100 ml w and det the approx alkalinity by titrating a 5 ml of soln with N/10 HaSO, using phpht as an indicator. If the amt of acid required to discolor the phpht is 8 to 10 ml, the soln is satisfactory if less than that add a few drops of NaOH soln c) Dissolve 0.3 g of potato dextrin in a small... 

Dusting of bleaching powders has to be prevented to avoid inhalation of per-oxosulfates. This can be achieved by (1) Addition of oils to bind fine particles [18], (2) Granulation to enlarge particle size [19], or (3) Formulation of water-free, oil-containing pastes [20],... 

If one does not require a pure, water-free solution, as is frequently the case when carrying out tests with small amounts of material, a simplified procedure may be used. To 100 cc. of ether is added 30 cc. of 40 per cent potassium hydroxide, and the mixture is cooled to 5°. To this with continued cooling and shaking is added 10 g. of finely powdered nitrosomethylurea in small portions over a period of one to two minutes. The deep yellow ether layer can be decanted readily it contains about 2.8 g. of diazomethane, together with some dissolved impurities and water. The latter may be removed by drying for three hours over pellets of pure potassium hydroxide. Solutions of diazomethane in benzene and other water-immiscible organic solvents may be prepared in the same way,... 

Etanercept is available as a preservative-free powder for reconstitution or as a solution in prefilled syringes. The powder should be reconstituted in bacteriostatic water, containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol, to a final concentration of etanercept of 25 mg/mL. The prefilled syringes contain 25 mg or 50 mg etanercept in a 1% sucrose solution containing sodium phosphate, sodium chloride and l-arginine. Both preparations are administered by subcutaneous injection. 

Peroxidase-Catalyzed Polymerization of p-Cresol. Large scale polymerizations were carried out in a volume of 250 mL in a 500 mL round bottom flask at 25°C with stirring at ca. 250 rpm. p-Cresol (688 mg, 25 mM) was dissolved in 213 mL dioxane and 37 mL aqueous buffer, pH 7 (0.01 M phosphate) added to give a solution consisting of 85% (v/v) dioxane. Horseradish peroxidase (25 mg, free powder) was added and the reaction was initiated by the addition of 0.28 mL of 30% H2O2 (10 mM). The suspension (peroxidase is insoluble in 85% dioxane) immediately turned yellow and the reaction was allowed to proceed 15 min. The concentrations of p-cresol and reaction products were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Ci8-reverse phase column (Waters Associates, Milford, MA). The isocratic solvent used was acetonitrile water (56 44) with... 

Mercury nitride forms a chocolate colored powder, which is slowly decomposed by water. The dry nitride tarnishes in air, and is slowly decomposed in acidic media. The nitride is very explosive, and must be handled with extreme care. It detonates violently yielding a white flame with a bluish purple border, and also when heated. The salt can be detonated by rubbing it with a rounded glass stir rod—very friction sensitive. Mercury nitride also easily detonates by shock, or percussion. Handle with care never store dry keep submerged in a water free solvent such as kerosene in amber glass bottles in a cool place. It is advisable to desensitize mercury nitride with gum Arabic, paraffin wax, or starch immediately after preparation, and these mixtures should be carefully blended using a wood spoon or plastic spatula—metal and glass should be avoided. ... 

Uses Lead-TNP is used in initiating compositions in place of lead styphnate or diazodinitrophenol for blasting caps and detonators, in priming compositions in place of mercury fulminate or in combination with sulfur nitride, triazoles, or tetrazoles, for use in bullet primers and the like. Lead-TNP can also be used in fireworks to detonate black powder for increased bursting effects in aerial shells. Lead-TNP should be handled with care. Never store dry, and keep submerged in a water free solvent... 

The Solid Sample Store is an automated sample bank facilitating storage and random access retrieval of glass vials containing powder samples. The preparation of the HTS library starts with the tedious process to prepare new solutions from the solid-compound collection. The Solid Sample Store assembles and provides the powder samples for the preparation of the HTS master solutions of defined molar concentration in pure, water-free DMSO. It is also used for the supply of powder samples to medicinal chemistry and biology labs. 

Cheap mixture of ammonium nitrate, water, aluminium powder and polystyrene adhesive as a bonding agent. First used in the 6.75 t free fall bomb BLU-82 ( Daisy cutter or aerosol bomb ). The peak pressure of the bomb ignited approximately 1 m above ground reaches 70 bar in a radius of 30 m. GSX has been used for mine field clearing and for Instant helicopter landing zones in the Viet Nam jungle-war. 

Properties Fine, water-soluble powder available as both straight-chain and cross-linked polymers in a variety of molecular weights. May be in form of free acid, sodium, or amide-ammonium salts. Reacts readily with alcohols and amines. 

Homogeneous solutions are the preferred formulation systems for parenteral administration because they can be easily visually inspected for the absence of particulate matter. For this reason, cosolvent solubilization is the first choice for parenteral products once purely aqueous systems provide insufficient solvency. The compositions of three commercial, injectable products are given in Table 39.5. The first product (1) has a low percentage of cosolvent in the separate solvent ampoule. The drug substance is provided as a dry powder because of its limited stability in solution. The second one (2) is solubiUzed with two cosolvents amounting to 50% of the total volume, whereas in the third product the drug dose is dissolved in a water-free mixture of cosolvents. This draws the attention to a further point to consider when cosolvents are employed in formulations. The formulation has to be devised such that the effect of dilution of... 

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