Acidity, requirements for

Economics. In contrast to NSP, the high nutrient content of TSP makes shipment of the finished product preferable to shipping of the raw materials. Plants, therefore, are located at or near the rock source. The phosphoric acid used, and the sulfuric acid required for its manufacture, usually are produced at the site of the TSP plant. As in the case of NSP, the cost of raw materials accounts for more than 90% of the total cost. Most of this is the cost of acid. 

Amino acid compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 3 along with the amino acid (see Amino ACIDS) requirements for humans suggested by a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert consultation. 

Essential amino acid requirements for humans recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU (21). An essential amino acid is one that caimot be synthesized by... 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Nonferrous Metal Production. Nonferrous metal production, which includes the leaching of copper and uranium ores with sulfuric acid, accounts for about 6% of U.S. sulfur consumption and probably about the same in other developed countries. In the case of copper, sulfuric acid is used for the extraction of the metal from deposits, mine dumps, and wastes, in which the copper contents are too low to justify concentration by conventional flotation techniques or the recovery of copper from ores containing copper carbonate and siUcate minerals that caimot be readily treated by flotation (qv) processes. The sulfuric acid required for copper leaching is usually the by-product acid produced by copper smelters (see Metallurgy, extractive Minerals RECOVERY AND PROCESSING). 

The amount of foHc acid required for daily iatake is estimated based oa the minimum amouat required to maintain a certaia level of semm folate. The recommeaded dietary allowance (RDA) for foHc acid accounts for daily losses and makes allowances for variation ia iadividual aeeds and bioavailabiUty from food sources (85). The U.S. recommended daily allowance for adults is 400 p.g and for pregnant women is 800 ]1 (Table 4). 

To obtain optimal performance of farm animals, foHc acid supplementation is required (86) and as is the case with most of the vitamins, the majority of worldwide consumption is as feed supplements. The foHc acid requirement for chickens and pigs is about 0.2—0.5 mg of foHc acid/kg diet and 0.3 mg/kg diet, respectively. Increased amounts, 0.5—1.0 mg/kg feed for chickens and 0.5—2.0 mg/kg for swiae, are recommended under commercial production conditions (87). The degree of intestinal foHc acid synthesis and the utilization by the animal dictates the foHc acid requirements for monogastric species. Also, the self-synthesis of folaciais dependent on dietary composition (88). 

The first are competitors of PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and thus intermpt host de novo formation of the tetrahydrofoUc acid required for nucleic acid synthesis. Examples of dmgs that fall into this group are the sulfones and sulfonamides. The most weU-known of the sulfones is dapsone (70, 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS), whose toxicity has discouraged its use. Production of foHc acid, which consists of PABA, a pteridine unit, and glutamate, is disturbed by the substitution of a sulfonamide (stmcturally similar to PABA). The antimalarial sulfonamides include sulfadoxine (71, Fanasd [2447-57-6]) sulfadiazine (25), and sulfalene (72, sulfamethoxypyrazine [152-47-6] Kelfizina). Compounds of this group are rapidly absorbed but are cleared slowly. 

The following carbamates have seen little use since the preparation of the first edition of this book they are listed here for completeness. For the most part, they are variations of the BOC and benzyl carbamates, with the exception of the azo derivatives, which are highly colored. The differences between them are largely in the strength of the acid required for their cleavage. 

There is evidence the drug acts as an antimetabolite for the i ira-aminobenzoic acid required for bacterial metabolism.) One oT the more recent of the many preparations for this drug involves carboxylation of meta-aminophenol (6) by means of ammonium i.ii bonate under high pressure. ... 

Andreasen A. A. Stier J.B. (1954) Anaerobic nuliition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Unsaturated fatty acid requirement for growth in a defined medium. J Cell Comp Physiol, 43, 271 -281. 

The amount of acid required for nitrosamine destruction is dependent on the level of the nitrosamine impurity, the dinitroaniline being treated, the organic solvent used, temperature, and time. Each reactive mixture was appropriately worked up to a final isolate of the product. Some typical results are shown in Table 1. 

The sulfuric acid needed to solubilize copper from chalcocite is balanced by the acid recovered from the copper electrowinning step this acid is recycled to the heaps. The overall acid requirements for the process are, therefore, dependent on the acid consumption by the gangue minerals in the ore and the acid production by pyrite oxidation. If the pyrite associated with the ore is significant and the acid consumption by the ore is low, excess sulfuric acid can be neutralized by lime. 

In addition to the sulfuric acid required for pH adjustment, some amount of acid is consumed by the reduction reaction (Equation 8.15). If sulfur dioxide is used as the reducing agent, it will provide all the acid consumed by this reaction, and additional acid will not be required. However, if sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite is used, additional acid must be supplied to satisfy the acid demand. This acid requirement is stoichiometric and can be calculated from Equations 6.19 to 6.22. 

Plants synthesize all the amino acids they require. They do so using as raw material carbohydrates, which they make during photosynthesis, and nitrogen, derived from nitrate ions absorbed from the soil. Animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids required for their regular living, health, and growth. Those they cannot synthesize, known as the essential amino acids, are acquired from plants and/or animals they consume as food. Human beings, for example, acquire nine essential amino acids from their diet. 

Hafner, E.W., Holley, B.W., Holdom, K.S. et al. (1991) Branched-chain fatty acid requirement for avermectin production by a mutant of Streptomyces avermitilis lacking branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo), 44, 349-356. 

The quality of acid required for these different uses will vary. Many electrolyser licensors will insist on the use of synthetic acid, at least for the first use listed. They are concerned about the contaminants that can be present in thermal-oxidiser by-product acid. Particular concerns are with iron and with organic materials however, these contaminants can be removed with adsorption and other techniques, rendering the acid suitable for all but the most critical applications. 

The box shows fatty acid synthesis which may occur within the adipocyte but most of the fatty acids required for TG synthesis are pre-formed in liver and delivered by lipoproteins. 

Onoue, Y. and Mori, M., Amino acid requirements for the growth and enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus in chemically defined media, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 36, 77-82, 1997. 

Coenzyme A a derivative of pantothenic acid required for many reactions in human metabolism. 

B = average mis of 0.5N sulfuric acid required for titration of the blan ks C = normality of acid corrected for temperature F = factor for EtAcet specified in Table II as 0.0881, and... 

By means of a pipette, transfer a portion of approx lOg of the sample to a tared 250 ml beaker, rewelgh and dissolve in 100ml of benzene. Move the soln to a 250-ml separatory funnel and shake the contents of it with a 50-ml portion of neutral distilled water. After separation of layers run die water layer into the above 250-ml beaker. Repeat the operation using another 50ml of discd w and transfer the bottom layer to the same beaker. Add to beaker several drops of bromomethyl blue indicator. If the soln turns yellow titrate immediately with standard 0.01N NaOH. soln and if hlue titrate immediately with standard 0.0IN sulfuric acid. The change of color is taken as end point. Run a blank detn on 100ml of benzene alone and correct die volume alkali of acid required for titration. Calculate the percentage of acidity as nitric acid or alkalinity as Na carbonate as follows ... 

---