Water dissolve

Sulphur dioxide, SO2, m.p. — 72-7°C, b.p. — I0"C. Colourless gas with characteristic smell. Formed by burning S, metal sulphides, H2S in air or acid on a sulphite or hydrogen sulphite. Powerful reducing agent, particularly in water. Dissolves in water to give a gas hydrate the solution behaves as an acid - see sulphurous acid. Used in the production of SO3 for sulphuric acid. 

ChloricfVII) acid fumes in moist air and is very soluble in water, dissolving with the evolution of much heat. Several hydrates are known the hydrate HCIO4. H2O is a solid at room temperature and has an ionic lattice [HjO ] [CIO4]. 

Conversion of the salt of a weak base into the free base. Prepare a column of a strong base anion resin (such as Amberlite IRA-40o(OH) ) washed with distilled water as above. Drain off most of the water and then allow 100 ml. of A//2.Na.2C03 solution to pass through the column at 5 ml. per minute. Again wash the column with 200 ml. of distilled water. Dissolve 0-05 g. of aniline hydrochloride in 100 ml. of distilled water and pass the solution down the column. The effluent contains aniline in solution and free from all other ions. 

Then, while the diazonium solution is standing in ice-water, dissolve 55 g. of powdered copper sulphate (CuS04,5Ha0) in 200 ml. of water contained in a 1500 ml. flat-bottomed flask, for which a steam-distillation fitting is available for subsequent use. Place a thermometer in the copper sulphate solution and warm the latter to 60-65 . Now cautiously add a solution of 60 g. of powdered potassium cyanide in too ml. of water to the copper... 

Use. If the substance under investigation is soluble in water, dissolve about 0 1 g. in 1-2 ml. of water, and add 5-10 ml. of Reagent A. On shaking for a few minutes, with scratching if necessary, the yellowish-orange hydrazone will usually separate if this does not occur, warm the solution gently in a hot water-bath for 5-10 minutes. 

If the substance under investigation is insoluble in water, dissolve about O I g. in a minimum of methanol or ethanol, with heating if necessary, and then add 0 5-1 ml. of Reagent B then proceed as above. 

Solution B. Dissolve 86 5 g. of crystalline sodium potassium tartrate ( Rochelle salt, C4H40jNaK,4H20) in warm water. Dissolve 30 g. of pure sodium hydroxide in water. Mix the tartrate and hydroxide solutions, cool and make up to 250 ml. in a graduated flask. 

Prepare a solution of casein as follows. Weigh out 15 g. of casein into a dry 500 ml. conical flask and add about 150 ml. of water. Dissolve 1 5 g. of anhydrous sodium carbonate and i 5 g, of borax in about 20 ml. of hot water and add this solution to the casein. Warm until a solution is obtained, filter if necessary, and make up to a total volume of about 250 ml. with water. Add a few drops of toluene (to prevent putrefaction) and shake the solution. 

If the amine is soluble in water, mix it with a slight excess (about 25 per cent.) of a saturated solution of picric acid in water (the solubility in cold water is about 1 per cent.). If the amine is insoluble in water, dissolve it by the addition of 2-3 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1) for each 2-3 ml. of water, then add a sUght excess of the reagent. If a heavy precipitate does not form immediately after the addition of the picric acid solution, allow the mixture to stand for some time and then shake vigorously. Filter off the precipitated picrate and recrystaUise it from boiling water, alcohol or dilute alcohol, boiUng 10 per cent, acetic acid, chloroform or, best, benzene. 

Method 2. Place 48 g. (41 -5 ml.) of freshly-distilled furfural, 52 g. of dry malonic acid (1), and 24 ml. of dry pyridine (2) in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask, fitted with a reflux condenser. Heat the flask on a boiling water bath for 2 hours, cool the reaction mixture and dilute with 50 ml. of water. Dissolve the acid by the addition of concentrated ammonia solution, filter the solution and wash the filter paper with a... 

Place 27 g. of o-phenylenediamine (Section IV,92) in a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask and add 17 -5 g. (16 ml.) of 90 per cent, formic acid (1). Heat the mixture on a water bath at 100° for 2 hours. Cool, add 10 per cent sodium hydroxide solution slowly, with constant rotation of the flask, until the mixture is just alkaline to litmus. Filter off the crude benzimidazole at the pump, wash with ice-cold water, drain well and wash again with 25 ml. of cold water. Dissolve the crude product in 400 ml. of boiling water, add 2 g. of decolourising carbon, and digest for 16 minutes. Filter rapidly at the pump through a pre heated Buchner funnel and flask. Cool the filtrate to about 10°, filter off the benzimidazole, wash with 25 ml. of cold water, and dry at 100°. The yield of pure benzimidazole, m.p. 171-172°, is 26 g. 

Phenolsulphonephthalein (phenol red). Mix 10 g. of o-sulpho-benzoic anhydride (Section VIII,9), 14 g. of pure phenol and 10 g. of freshly fused zinc chloride in a small conical flask. Place a glass rod in the flask and heat gently over a flame to melt the phenol. Then heat the flask containing the well-stirred mixture in an oil bath at 135-140° for 4 hours. Stir from time to time, but more frequently during the first hour if the mixture froths unduly, remove the flask from the bath, cool and then resume the heating. When the reaction is complete, add 50 ml. of water, allow the water to boil and stir to disintegrate the product. Filter the crude dye with suction and wash it well with hot water. Dissolve the residue in the minimum volume of warm (60°) 20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, filter, and just acidify the filtrate with warm dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1). Filter the warm solution, wash with water, and dry upon filter paper. The yield of phenol red (a brilliant red powder) is 11 g. 

Place 1 55 g. of clean sodium in a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser. Add 40 ml. of absolute alcohol (or rectified spirit). If all the sodium has not disappeared after the vigorous reaction has subsided, warm the flask on a water bath until solution is complete. Cool the mixture and add 10 g. of p-acetylaminophenol. Introduce 15 g. (8 ml.) of ethyl iodide slowly through the condenser and reflux the mixture for 45-60 minutes. Pour 100 ml. of water through the condenser at such a rate that the crystalline product does not separate if crystals do separate, reflux the mixture until they dissolve. Then cool the flask in an ice bath collect the crude phenacetin with suction and wash with a little cold water. Dissolve the crude product in 80 ml. of rectified spirit if the solution is coloured, add 2 g. of decolourising carbon and filter. Treat the clear solution with 125 ml. of hot water and allow to cool. Collect the pure phenacetin at the pump and dry in the air. The yield is 9-5 g., m.p. 137°. 

A compound is most soluble in that solvent to which il is most closely related in structure. Thus re-hexane, which is sparingly soluble in water, dissolves in three volumes of methyl alcohol, is more soluble in anhydrous ethyl ilcohol, and is completely miscible with re-butyl and higher alcohols. As the chain length increases the compound tends to resemble the hydrocarbon more and more, and hence the solubihty increases. 

Acrolein reacts slowly in water to form 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and then other condensation products from aldol and Michael reactions. Water dissolved in acrolein does not present a hazard. The reaction of acrolein with water is exothermic and the reaction proceeds slowly in dilute aqueous solution. This will be hazardous in a two-phase adiabatic system in which acrolein is suppHed from the upper layer to replenish that consumed in the lower, aqueous, layer. The rate at which these reactions occur will depend on the nature of the impurities in the water, the volume of the water layer, and the rate... 

Primary blood components iaclude plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and stem cells. Plasma consists of water dissolved proteias, ie, fibrinogen, albumins, and globulins coagulation factors and nutrients. The principal plasma-derived blood products are siagle-donor plasma (SDP), produced by sedimentation from whole blood donations fresh frozen plasma (FFP), collected both by apheresis and from whole blood collections cryoprecipitate, produced by cryoprecipitation of FFP albumin, collected through apheresis and coagulation factors, produced by fractionation from FFP and by apheresis (see Fractionation, blood-plasma fractionation). 

Commercial lecithin is insoluble but infinitely dispersible in water. Treatment with water dissolves small amounts of its decomposition products and adsorbed or coacervated substances, eg, carbohydrates and salts, especially in the presence of ethanol. However, a small percentage of water dissolves or disperses in melted lecithin to form an imbibition. Lecithin forms imbibitions or absorbates with other solvents, eg, alcohols, glycols, esters, ketones, ethers, solutions of almost any organic and inorganic substance, and acetone. It is remarkable that the classic precipitant for phosphoHpids, eg, acetone, dissolves in melted lecithin readily to form a thin, uniform imbibition. Imbibition often is used to bring a reactant in intimate contact with lecithin in the preparation of lecithin derivatives. 

Water Treatment. Sodium sulfite is an agent in the reduction of chlorine or oxygen in water. Dissolved oxygen in boiler water tends to enhance pitting and other types of corrosion. In boilers operated at below 4.82 MPa (700 psi), a residual concentration of 30 ppm of sodium sulfite is generally effective. Catalytic amounts of cobalt are often added to accelerate the reaction of oxygen with sulfite (321,322) (see Water, industrial water treatment). 

KCl MgCl2 6H20, is decomposed by leaching with water. The water dissolves MgCl2 and leaves KCl and impurities, mainly NaCl. KCl is then separated from impurities by conventional flotation. 

The physical piopeities of ethyl chloiide aie hsted in Table 1. At 0°C, 100 g ethyl chloride dissolve 0.07 g water and 100 g water dissolve 0.447 g ethyl chloride. The solubihty of water in ethyl chloride increases sharply with temperature to 0.36 g/100 g at 50°C. Ethyl chloride dissolves many organic substances, such as fats, oils, resins, and waxes, and it is also a solvent for sulfur and phosphoms. It is miscible with methyl and ethyl alcohols, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Butane, ethyl nitrite, and 2-methylbutane each have been reported to form a binary azeotrope with ethyl chloride, but the accuracy of this data is uncertain (1). 

Not many operating data of large-scale hquid/hquid reactions are published. One study was made of the hydrolysis of fats with water at 230 to 260°C (446 to 500°F) and 41 to 48 atm (600 to 705 psi) in a continuous commercial spray tower. A small amount of water dissolved in the fat and reacted to form an acid and glycerine. Then most of the glycerine migrated to the water phase. Tlie tower was operated at about 18 percent of flooding, at which condition the HETS was found to be about 9 m (30 ft) compared with an expec ted 6 m (20 ft) for purely physical extrac tion (Jeffreys, Jenson, and Miles, Trans. In.st. Chem. Eng., 39, 389-396 [1961]). A similar mathematical treatment of a batch hydrolysis is made by Jenson and Jeffreys (In.st. Chem. Engrs. Symp. Ser, No. 23 [1967]). 

Melamine, a non-hygroscopic, white crystalline solid, melts with decomposition above 347°C and sublimes at temperatures below the melting point. It is only slightly soluble in water 100 ml of water dissolve 0.38 g at 20°C and 3.7 g at 90°C. It is weakly basic and forms well-defined salts with acids. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water. Dissolves and forms a weak solution if nitric acid. The reaction is not hazardous Reactivity with Common Materials May corrode metals in presence of moisture Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Flush with water Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

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