Waste hazards

Enzymes for Extreme Conditions. The possibihty of using enzymes from extremophiles, which thrive in oil wells, hot temperatures, freezing conditions, etc, is being explored for the removal of environmental contaminants and survival at extreme temperatures (see Wastes, HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATlffiNT BlORETffiDIATION (SuPPLET NT)). 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous wastes are generated in hmited amounts throughout most industrial activities. In terms of generation, concern is with the identification of amounts and types ofhazardous wastes developed at each source, with emphasis on those sources where significant waste quantities are generated. 

Hazardous Wastes When hazardous wastes are generated, special containers are usually provided, and trained personnel (OSHA 1910.120 required such workers to have HAZWOPER training) are responsible (or should be) for the handling of these wastes. Hazardous wastes include solids, sludges, and hquids hence, container requirements vary with the form of waste. 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous Wastes for deliveiy to a treatment or disposal facility normally are collected by the waste producer or a licensed, speciahzed hauler. Typically, the loading of collection vehicles is completed in one of two ways (1) wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are either drained or pumped into collection vehicles, and (2) wastes stored in sealed drums or other sealed containers are loaded by hand or by mechanical equipment onto flatbed trucks. To avoid accidents and possible loss of life, two collectors shoiild always be assigned when hazardous wastes are to be collected. 

EPA. 1997a. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Hazardous constituents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CER 261, Appendix VIII. 

To provide an overall perspective on how RCRA works, each of its programs—solid waste, hazardous waste, and USTs—and their interrelationships are briefly summarized here. The Subtitle D (solid waste) program is discussed prior to the Subtitle C (hazardous waste) program. Although this is alphabetically out of order, the structure is designed for better understanding by the reader. 

Uncontrolled dumping of industrial wastes, hazardous wastes... 

Waste specific prohibitions—Third third waste (hazardous waste codes)... 

Kuhn EP, Suflita JM (1989) Anaerobic biodegradation of nitrogen-substituted and sulfonated benzene aquifer contaminants. Hazard Waste Hazard Mater 6(2) 121-134... 

Stationary sources Waste incineration Steel industry Recycling plants Energy production Municipal solid waste, clinical waste, hazardous waste, sewage sludge Steel mills, sintering plants, hot-strip mills Non-ferrous metals (melting, foundry Al, Cu, Ptx, Zn, Sn) Fossil fuel power plants, wood combustion, landfill gas... 

Only certain people are qualified to handle hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as any waste designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as hazardous. If you are unclear whether a particular item is hazardous, you should not handle the item but should instead notify a supervisor of the Sanitation. 

T.E. Myers, "A Simple Procedure for Acceptance Testing of Freshly Prepared Solidified Waste", Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing Fourth Symposium, ASTM STP 886, J.K. Petros, Jr., W.J. Lacy and R.A. Conway, eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Pheladelphia, P.A., 1986. 

Brown KW, Donnelly KC. 1988. An estimation of the risk associated with the organic constituents of hazardous and municipal waste landfill leachates. Hazard Waste Hazard Materials 5 1-3. 

J. W. Blackburn. 1989. Improved understanding and application of hazardous waste biological treatment processes using microbial systems analysis techniques. Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mat. 6(2) 173-193. 

Namkoong W, Loehr RC, Malina JF Jr. 1988. Kinetics of phenolic compounds removal in soil. Hazard Waste Hazard Mater 5(4) 321-328. 

The solid wastes produced by industrial operations pose a problem similar to that of municipal solid wastes simply the volume of waste produced annually. The volume of industrial solid wastes generated in the United States is roughly twice that of MSW, about 570 million short tons (518 million metric tons) in 2000. But industrial solid wastes also pose a very different kind of problem in that they also contain a number of chemical elements and compounds that are hazardous to the health of humans, other animals, and plants. These elements and compounds are classified as hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes pose a variety of technological, economic, and... 

According to the developer, the process is capable of treating waste such as oilfield reserve pits, lagoon waste, hazardous waste (e.g., medical, etc.), municipal waste, contaminated soil, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and general port or terminal waste. 

The waste generated by pharmaceutical companies have increased concerns about environmental and human safety. Direct releases of treated solvent wastes, hazardous work conditions, and accidental releases of toxic chemicals into the environment have led to the implementation of many laws and regulations... 

Armenante, P. M., Lewandowski, G. Haq, I. U. (1992). Mineralization of 2-chlorophenol by P. chrysosporium using different reactor designs. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 9, 213-29-... 

Kang, G. Stevens, D. K. (1994). Degradation of pentachlorophenol in bench scale bioreactors using the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 11, 397-410. 

Warith, M. A., Fernandes, L. La Forge, F. (1993). Adsorption of pentachlorophenol on organic soil. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 10, 13-25. 

Atlas, R. M., Bej, A. K., Steffan, R. J. Perlin, M. H. (1989). Approaches for monitoring and containing genetically engineered microorganisms released into the environment. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 6, 135-44. 

Abdul, A. S., T. L. Gibson, and D. N. Rai, Statistical Correlations for Predicting the Partition Coefficient for Nonpolar Organic Contaminants Between Aquifer Organic Carbon and Water. Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 1987 4, 211-222. 

Regulations vary considerably, depending upon the nature of the waste. Hazardous t toxic) wastes are treated as a separate category by federal, state, provincial, and municipal regulatory agencies. 

The elimination of volatile organic solvents in organic syntheses is a most important goal in green chemistry. Solvent-free organic reactions make syntheses simpler, save energy, and prevent solvent wastes, hazards, and toxicity. 

Martino, L. and Kaszynski, G., A comparison of the CERCLA response program and the RCRA corrective action program, Hazardous Waste Hazardous Mater., 8(2), 1991. 

Venkatadri, R. and Peters, R.W., Chemical oxidation technologies ultraviolet light/ hydrogen peroxide, Fenton s reagent, and titanium dioxide-assisted photocatalysis, Hazardous Waste Hazardous Mater., 10, 107-149, 1993. 

Reaction pathways for oxidation of phenol. (From Potter, F.J. and Roth, J.A., J. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Mater., 10(2), 151, 1993. With permission.)... 

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