Wood combustion

Occurrence. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion and is not likely to result where a flame bums in an abundant air supply, yet may result when a flame touches a cooler surface than the ignition temperature of the gas. Gas or coal heaters in the home and gas space heaters in industry have been frequent sources of carbon monoxide poisoning when not provided with effective vents. Gas heaters, though properly adjusted when installed, may become hazardous sources of carbon monoxide if maintained improperly. Automobile exhaust gas is perhaps the most familiar source of carbon monoxide exposure. The manufacture and use of synthesis gas, calcium carbide manufacture, distillation of coal or wood, combustion operations, heat treatment of metals, fire fighting, mining, and cigarette smoking represent additional sources of carbon monoxide exposure (105—107). 

Murphy, D.J., R.M. Buchan, and D.G. Fox. 1982. Ambient particulate and benzo[a]pyrene concentrations from residential wood combustion, in a mountain community. Pages 567-574 in M. Cooke, AJ. Dennis, and G.L. Fisher (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Physical and Biological Chemistry. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Stationary sources Waste incineration Steel industry Recycling plants Energy production Municipal solid waste, clinical waste, hazardous waste, sewage sludge Steel mills, sintering plants, hot-strip mills Non-ferrous metals (melting, foundry Al, Cu, Ptx, Zn, Sn) Fossil fuel power plants, wood combustion, landfill gas... 

Tuttle with co-workers constructed a wood combustion facility including a spreader stoker unit (Figure 5). A mechanical spreader distributed wood residues evenly across the grate. The overfire region was surrounded by a water-wall construction. 

Nussbaumer T., Wood Combustion , in Advances in Thermochemica Biomass Conversion 1, ed. Bridgwater A.V., Blackie Academic Professional (London), 575-589 (1993). 

In urban areas, the typical dominant sources of fine organic aerosol particles are diesel exhaust, gasoline-powered vehicle exhaust, meat cooking operations, smoke from wood combustion, and paved road dust followed by four smaller sources of particles tire wear, vegetative detritus, natural gas combustion, and cigarette smoke. ... 

McDonald JD, Zielinska B, Fujita EM, Sagebiel JC, Chow JC, Watson JG, Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion, Environ Sci Technol 34 2080-2091, 2000. 

Alfheim, I., and T. Ramdahl, Contribution of Wood Combustion to Indoor Air Pollution As Measured by Mutagenicity in Salmonella and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration, Environ. Mutagen., 6, 121-130 (1984b). 

Mumford, J. L., C. T. Helmes, X. Lee, J. Seidenberg, and S. Nesnow, Mouse Skin Tumorigenicity Studies of Indoor Coal and Wood Combustion Emissions from Homes of Residents in Xuan Wei, China with High Lung Cancer Mortality, Carcinogenesis, 11, 397-403 (1990). 

Ramdahl, T., Retene—A Molecular Marker of Wood Combustion in Ambient Air, Nature, 306, 580-582 (1983a). 

Ramdahl, T., J. Schjoldager, L. A. Currie, J. E. Hanssen, M. Mpller, G. A. Klouda, and I. Alfheim, Ambient Impact of Residential Wood Combustion in Elverum, Norway, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 81-90 (1984a). 

Saarnio K, Niemi JV, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Timonen H, Teinila K, Myllynen M, Frey A, Lamberg H, Jokiniemi J, Hillamo R (2012) Using monosaccharide anhydrides to estimate the impact of wood combustion on fine particles in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Boreal Environ Res 17 163-183... 

Boman BC, Forsberg AB, Jarvholm BG (2003) Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modem society. Scand J Work Environ Health 29 251-260... 

Emissions from fireplaces and stoves have been reported in several studies testing furnaces and wood fuel typical for different areas of the world. Wood smoke emissions typical for central Europe were investigated by Schmidl et al. [22, 23]. In these studies, different common European wood types were analysed to derive chemical profiles of wood combustion emissions for various types of wood. An overview of the fuel wood types used in the Alpine countries is given by Kistler et al. [24]. In the above-mentioned emission studies, wood has been burnt in a tiled wood stove [22] and in two automatically and two manually fired appliances [23]. The authors found a high variability for the emissions from small-scale manually fired wood combustion appliances in the performed individual tests. 

Borrego C, Valente J, Carvalho A, Sa E, Lopes M, Miranda AI (2010) Contribution of residential wood combustion to PM10 levels in Portugal. Atmos Environ 44(5) 642-651... 

Hellen H, Hakola H, Haaparanta S, Pietarila H, Kauhaniemi M (2008) Influence of residential wood combustion on local air quality. Sci Total Environ 393(2-3) 283-290... 

Klippel N, Nussbaumer T (2007) Health relevance of particles from wood combustion in comparison to Diesel soot. In 15th European biomass conference, Berlin 7-11 May 2007... 

Many source categories have been investigated in more detail and are presented in separate sections, as e.g. exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions and domestic wood combustion. 

Brandt C, Kunde R, Dobmeier B et al (2011) Ambient PM10 concentrations from wood combustion - emission modeling and dispersion calculation for the city area of Augsburg, Germany. Atmos Environ 45 3466-3474... 

The sum of EC and OM contributes another 20-27% (at urban sites) and 18-24% (rural) to the PM mass, with OM dominating EC at most sites. Like in the case of SIA, differences between rural and urban sites appear modest which is probably caused by a considerable natural (biogenic) input. A study by ten Brink et al. [13] on the presence of 14C in PM filter samples revealed that at least 64% of the organic carbon measured at an urban Dutch site was contemporary (i.e. emissions from biogenic material and biomass wood combustion). 

Schatowitz B, Brandt G, Gafiier F, Schlumpf E, Biihler R, Hasler P, Nussbaumer T (1994) Dioxin Emissions from Wood Combustion. Chemosphere 29 2005... 

Wunderli S, Zennegg M, Dolezal IS, Gujer E, Moser U, Wolfensberger M, Hasler P, Noger D, Studer C, Karlaganis G (2000) Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzo-furans in Solid Residues from Wood Combustion by HRGC/HRMS. Chemo-sphere 40 641... 

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