Solvent treating

Figure 7 Effect of shearing history on swelling ratio for HP LDPE sample (A) Brabender worked at 190°C (A) solvent treated sample. Source Ref. 39.

Table 14.2 Lignans and catechins in heat- and solvent-treated phloem...

Untreated BALB/c 3T3 cells and solvent-treated cells were used as negative controls. Positive controls were represented by cells treated with the well-known carcinogen 3-MCA (2.5 pg/mL). After 48 h, cells were replenished with fresh normal culture medium and maintained in culture for 4-6 weeks, with biweekly medium changes. Cells were then fixed with methanol, stained with 10% aqueous Giemsa, and scored for foci formation. In order to calculate the number of cells... 

PPII helix-forming propensities have been measured by Kelly et al. (2001) and A. L. Rucker, M. N. Campbell, and T. P. Creamer (unpublished results). In the simulations the peptide backbone was constrained to be in the PPII conformation, defined as (0,VO = ( — 75 25°, +145 25°), using constraint potentials described previously (Yun and Hermans, 1991 Creamer and Rose, 1994). The AMBER/ OPLS potential (Jorgensen and Tirado-Rives, 1988 Jorgensen and Severance, 1990) was employed at a temperature of 298° K, with solvent treated as a dielectric continuum of s = 78. After an initial equilibration period of 1 x 104 cycles, simulations were run for 2 x 106 cycles. Each cycle consisted of a number of attempted rotations about dihedrals equal to the total number of rotatable bonds in the peptide. Conformations were saved for analysis every 100 cycles. Solvent-accessible surface areas were calculated using the method of Richmond (1984) and a probe of 1.40 A radius. 

In the quantum mechanical continuum model, the solute is embedded in a cavity while the solvent, treated as a continuous medium having the same dielectric constant as the bulk liquid, is incorporated in the solute Hamiltonian as a perturbation. In this reaction field approach, which has its origin in Onsager s work, the bulk medium is polarized by the solute molecules and subsequently back-polarizes the solute, etc. The continuum approach has been criticized for its neglect of the molecular structure of the solvent. Also, the higher-order moments of the charge distribution, which in general are not included in the calculations, may have important effects on the results. Another important limitation of the early implementations of this method was the lack of a realistic representation of the cavity form and size in relation to the shape of the solute. 

In practice the sulfur-containing derivative is dissolved or suspended in a suitable solvent, treated with a sufficient quantity of Raney nickel, and either left at room temperature or heated under reflux, recovery of the product being effected by concentration of the liquid phase. The following example may be taken as typical.7... 

These and succeeding preparations may occasionally be contaminated by small quantities of platinum metal, which may be removed by dissolving the product in the recrystallizing solvent, treating the hot solution with charcoal, filtering it, and allowing it to crystallize as usual. 

In single solvent extraction processes, it is generally preferable to solvent treat dis-... 

Analytical techniques to evaluate potential lubricating oil stocks are essential to a refiner s planning program. When sulfuric acid was the sole chemical used to refine burning oils and lubricants, it was a simple matter to carry out acid-treating experiments on a small scale in the laboratory, and results so obtained were quite reliable. With the advent of solvent treating, analytical techniques were developed which consisted of single or multiple-batch laboratory extractions in conjunction with correlations based on plant experience (17). 

D,L-Diepoxybutane and /wcAso-diepoxybutanc induced skin papillomas and squamous-cell carcinomas when applied to the skin of female Swiss mice at a dose of approximately 3 or 10 mg in 100 mg acetone three times per week for life (Van Duuren et al., 1963, 1965). Subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mg D,L-diepoxybutane in 0.05 mL tricaprylin once per week for more than one year induced local fibrosarcomas in female Swiss mice no tumour was observed in three solvent-treated control groups. Similar findings were seen in female Sprague-Dawley rats (Van Duuren et al., 1966). 

According to Thorpe(Ref 4), some sporting pdrs are made as follows the grains are thoroughly gelatinized and, while they are still wet with solvent, treated with steam. This causes rapid evaporation of solvent, leaving the grains in a state which is intermediate between that in bulk and condensed pdrs... 

Similar to water plasticizing the proteins, fluid lipids in the bilayer lipids are implicated in the elasticity of the corneum. Removal of fluid lipids can make the corneum brittle. For example, solvent treatment of the corneum to remove fluid lipids has been shown to make the SC brittle.29 It has been shown that soap treated corneum behaves somewhat similarly to the solvent treated corneum in the sense that both exhibit a brittle fracture under tension. In contrast, syndet bar treated corneum behaves more like water treated corneum exhibiting a more elastic and pliable structure. 

However, this particular product was a solvent treated with about 2 percent of nitro-methane stabilizer and not like the other intermediates or products. If any chemist from the control lab had been contacted, he would have opposed this neutralization scheme. 

SF6 glass prisms were thoroughly cleaned, rinsed with organic solvents, treated in a plasma cleaner and, subsequently, heated in a vacuum chamber to a temperature of approx. 100 °C. A 50 nm gold film was deposited. During deposition the vacuum chamber was evacuated to 10-3 Pa. The thickness of the metal layer on the prism was con-... 

Hydrogen, Methanol, Ammonia, Gas Treating, Hydrodealkylation, Polymerization, Phenol, and Solvent Treating... 

Lean Copper Solvent Treated water C2-chlor. HC, lights Hydrogen chloride Heavy C2-Chlor. Perchlorethylene Air Water Vapor Engine Jacket Water Absorption Oil Air-Chlorine Treated Water... 

Solvent treated samples with 30 seconds of UV exposure showed absorptions which were broadened and blue shifted compared to a similar sample without solvent treatment (figure 8). Solvatochromlc samples with longer UV exposure times show less blue shift and less broadening as compared to the untreated samples this Is consistent with the visual observations. These spectra also show that as conversion Is Increased, more of the 630 nm band Is retained In the spectrum of the solvent treated samples. This behavior Is most notable In the 3 minute spectrum, where both bands are still somewhat distinct. 

The spectra of the thermochromlc samples (figure 9) show the same type of behavior as the spectra of the solvatochromlc samples. However, there Is more of a blue shift for the thermochromlc samples than for the solvent treated ones with equal UV exposure. 

Mineral oils, including the older preparations of fog oil, can produce cutaneous malignant neoplasms because of the presence of PAHs. In view of this, the military (army) altered the specification for screening smoke fog oil, requiring that it be solvent-treated or hydrotreated to remove potential carcinogenic hydrocarbons and analyzed to confirm the absence of such materials (NRC, 1997). 

On the solvent-treated silicon surface, the polymeric coating is deposited selectively. Adsorption and nucleation of polymeric microparticles on the silicon surface are nonuniform. These polymer films contain cross-links with the relative high length of the molecular branches. 

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