Hazardous waste categories

EPA Priority Pollutant under Solid and Hazardous Waste Category RCRA Hazardous Waste Number U140... 

Acutely hazardous waste is a separate category of hazardous waste that is considered to be so dangerous that even small amounts are regulated. These wastes are fatal to hrunans or animals at low doses. Many pesticides fall into the acutely hazardous waste category. Also, dioxin-containing waste is almost always an acutely hazardous waste. 

Whatever hazardous materials are involved, whether they be new produces, an existing product in a new package type, hazardous waste, or any other hazard category, the proposed packaging and all conditions which are expected to be incident to its use should be reviewed... 

In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following categories (1) radioactive substances, (2) chemicals, (3) biological wastes, (4) flammable wastes, and (5) explosives. The chemical cate-goiy included wastes that were corrosive, reactive, and toxic. The principal sources of hazardous biological wastes are hospitals and biological-research facilities. 

Air contaminant releases from hazardous waste sites can occur from wastes placed aboveground or belowground. The following are categories of air contaminant releases ... 

List five categories (such as hazardous waste incineration) that may be considered as major" or "area sources of hazardous air pollutants,... 

The testing of chemicals/wastes to establish the nature of their hazard capacity/threat in accordance with regulatory requirements falls into four categories (1) reactivity, (2) ignitability/flammability, (3) corrosivity, and (4) EP toxicity. Commercial chemical products, specific wastes, and wastes from specific processes may be listed as hazardous wastes because they are known to present toxic hazards in the manner of the tests above and/or are known to present serious toxic hazards to mammals/humans. In the discussion to follow, various chemical groups will be examined primarily in the context of reactivity, ignitability, and corrosivity. 

What are the hazard categories used to defme regulated hazardous wastes ... 

Are all emissions and discharges documented in an inventory, for example, process effluent domestic wastewater, cooling water, stack emissions, hazardous wastes, nonhazardous wastes Provide a schedule of emissions. Identify the risk category. 

Universal waste destination facilities are facilities that treat, dispose of, or recycle a particular category of universal waste. These facilities are subject to the same requirements as fully regulated hazardous waste TSDFs. Full regulation includes permit requirements, general facility standards, and unit-specific standards. The universal waste program includes only two additional specific universal waste requirements for destination facilities. These requirements are procedures for rejecting shipments of universal waste and the documentation of the receipt of universal waste. 

Hazardous waste burning incinerators, cement kilns, and LWAKs do not follow a tiered approach to regulate the release of toxic metals into the atmosphere. The MACT rule finalized numerical emission standards for three categories of metals mercury, low-volatile metals (arsenic, beryllium, and chromium), and semivolatile metals (lead and cadmium). Units must meet emission standards for the amount of metals emitted. For example, a new cement kiln must meet an emission limit of 120pg/m3 of mercury, 54pg/m3 of low-volatile metals, and 180 pg/m3 of semivolatile metals. 

If the waste tits one of these categories, it is not regulated as an RCRA hazardous waste, and the hazardous waste requirements do not apply. 

U.S. EPA may list a waste as hazardous for any and all of the above reasons. The majority of listed wastes fall into the toxic waste category. To decide if a waste should be a toxic listed waste, U.S. EPA first determines whether it typically contains harmful chemical constituents. An appendix to RCRA contains a list of chemical compounds or elements that scientific studies have shown to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on humans or other life forms. If a waste contains chemical constituents found on the appendix list, U.S. EPA then evaluates 11 other factors to determine if the wastestream is likely to pose a threat in the absence of special restrictions on its handling. These additional considerations include a risk assessment and study of past cases of damage caused by the waste. 

The K list of hazardous wastes designates particular wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing as hazardous. The K list wastes are therefore known as wastes from specific sources. Like F list wastes, K list wastes are manufacturing process wastes. They contain chemicals that have been used for their intended purpose. To determine whether a waste qualifies as K-listed, two primary questions must be answered. First, is the facility that created the waste within one of the industrial or manufacturing categories on the K list Second, does the waste match one of the specific K list waste descriptions There are 13 industries that can generate K-list wastes1 2 3 ... 

The contained-in policy is a special, more flexible version of the mixture and derived-from rules that applies to environmental media and debris contaminated with hazardous waste. Environmental media is the term U.S. EPA uses to describe soil, sediments, and groundwater. Debris is a term U.S. EPA uses to describe a broad category of larger manufactured and naturally occurring objects that are commonly discarded. Examples of debris include the following ... 

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

Hydrolysis occurs when a compound reacts chemically with water (i.e., new chemical species are formed by the reaction), and can be a significant transformation process for certain hazardous wastes in the deep-well environment (see Table 20.7). Hydrolysis reactions fall into two major categories replacement and addition. The rates at which these reactions occur are also significant in a fate assessment because some take so long to occur that they will not take place during the analytical time frame (10,000 years). 

Universal waste is a legal environmental term used in the United States. The Universal Waste Regulations in the United States streamline the collection requirements for certain hazardous wastes in the specific categories decided by the Federal and the State governments. The Universal Waste Regulations ease regulatory burdens on businesses promote proper recycling, treatment, or disposal and provide for efficient, proper, and cost-effective collection opportunities. 

In fact, regulatory drivers are often seen as instrumental in spurring innovation. An assessment by a major aerospace manufacturer of what drives innovation towards safer processes for hazardous waste streams revealed that The regulatory drivers for waste reduction are familiar to most by now, and may be summarised into three categories of legislation 1) inventory reporting, 2) emission reporting, and 3) employee exposure levels. Anticipation of future restrictions was a decisive factor in this project. ... 

While earlier studies addressed the incineration of pesticides and pesticide wastes as such, most current efforts are focused on the general area of hazardous waste, as defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. This ongoing work is directly related to pesticide disposal, however, as pesticide waste is included in the category of RCRA hazardous waste. In fact, the presence of pesticides is a major consideration in a waste being designated as hazardous. 

In the United States, injection wells are classified into three categories Class 1 wells are used to inject hazardous wastes Class 2 wells are used to inject fiuids brought to the surface in connection with the production of oil and gas or for disposal of salt water and Class 3 covers solution mining wells [58]. Class 1 wells are heavily regulated by the USEPA and state agencies because of the potential for groundwater contamination. 

---