Violence

High explosives. Those explosives which normally burn without undue violence when ignited in an open space, but which can be detonated by a sufficiently large sudden mechanical or explosive shock. 

Halogen derivatives of silanes can be obtained but direct halogena-tion often occurs with explosive violence the halogen derivatives are usually prepared by reacting the silane at low temperature with a carbon compound such as tetrachloromethane, in the presence of the corresponding aluminium halide which acts as a catalyst. 

Mixtures of chlorine and hydrogen reaa only slowly in the dark but the reaction proceeds with explosive violence in light. A suggested mechanism for the photochemical chain reaction is ... 

It is a gas at room temperature with a boiling point of 128 K. It is a strong oxidising agent, some reactions occurring with explosive violence. Water hydrolyses it slowly at room temperature, but the reaction evolving oxygen is rapid in the presence of a base, and explosive with steam ... 

The reaction usually proceeds with explosive violence and a better method of preparation is to heat, gently, moist crystals of ethane-dioic acid (oxalic acid) and potassium chlorate(V) ... 

It is a liquid, b,p. 363 K, but if heated it decomposes and hence must be distilled under reduced pressure decomposition may occur with explosive violence and this can occur even at room temperature if impurities are present. Combustible material, for example paper and wood, ignite spontaneously with explosive violence on contact with the acid, and it can produce painful blisters on the skin,... 

Bromine. Slip the glass cover of a jar momentarily aside, add 2-3 ml. of bromine water, replace the cover and shake the contents of the jar vigorously. Note that the bromine is absorbed only very slowly, in marked contrast to the rapid absorption by ethylene. This slow reaction with bromine water is also in marked contrast to the action of chlorine water, which unites with acetylene with explosive violence. (Therefore do not attempt this test with chlorine or chlorine water.)... 

Although these nitrations proceed smoothly, attempted nitration of an unidentified substance should always be carried out with extreme care, e.g., by working in a fume-cupboard and pointing the boiling-tube away from the operator. Many organic substances e.g., alcohols and phenols) react with great violence with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids. 

CAUTION. Ethers that have been stored for long periods, particularly in partly-filled bottles, frequently contain small quantities of highly explosive peroxides. The presence of peroxides may be detected either by the per-chromic acid test of qualitative inorganic analysis (addition of an acidified solution of potassium dichromate) or by the liberation of iodine from acidified potassium iodide solution (compare Section 11,47,7). The peroxides are nonvolatile and may accumulate in the flask during the distillation of the ether the residue is explosive and may detonate, when distilled, with sufficient violence to shatter the apparatus and cause serious personal injury. If peroxides are found, they must first be removed by treatment with acidified ferrous sulphate solution (Section 11,47,7) or with sodium sulphite solution or with stannous chloride solution (Section VI, 12). The common extraction solvents diethyl ether and di-tso-propyl ether are particularly prone to the formation of peroxides. 

RCH=N—ONa and R R C=N—ONa) which may be filtered off and washed with methanol to remove traces of sodium methoxide. It should be kept moist with methanol the sodium derivative, if allowed to dry, may become very explosive. Also, upon contact with a trace of water, it is liable to decompose with explosive violence. The sodium derivative may be dissolved by successively adding small quantities to cold water with continual stirring. 

I) Iodosobenzene when heated directly may decompose with explosive violence, particularly when dry. 

It may be mentioned that diazonium fluoborates containing the nitro group usually decompose suddenly and with violence upon heating, hence if o- or p-fluonitrobenzene are required, the fluoborates (in 10-20 g. quantities) should he mixed with 3-4 times their weight of pure dry sand (or barium sulphate or sodium fluoride) and heated cautiously until decomposition commences intermittent heating will be required to complete the reaction. 

I) When working with larger quantities of material, it is more convenient (and a better yield is obtained) to purify the air-dried product by distillation under diminished pressure. Use the apparatus pictured in Fig. II, 19, 4, and add a few fragments of porous porcelain to the solid. No air inlet can be employed to prevent bumping since this may lead to explosive decomposition. Collect the pure m-nitrophenol at I60-I65°/I2 mm. always allow the flask to cool before admitting air otherwise the residue may decompose with explosive violence. The recovery is over 90 per cent, of the pure m-nitroplienol. 

The reaction sometimes takes place with considerable violence and material may be lost through the condenser unless a large flask (e.g., at least of the size given) is employed. 

Quinoline may be prepared by heating a mixture of aniline, anhydrous glycerol and concentrated sulphuric acid with an oxidising agent, such as nitrobenzene. The reaction with nitrobenzene alone may proceed with extreme violence, but by the addition of ferrous sulphate, which appears to function as an oxygen carrier, the reaction is extended over a longer period of time and Is under complete control. 

Chloroaulphunic acid must be handled with great care it is very corrosive to the skin and to clothing, and reacts with water with groat violence. If tho... 

A similar analysis for fluorination of methane gives AH° = -426 kJ for its heat of reaction Fluori nation of methane is about four times as exothermic as chlorination A reaction this exothermic if it also occurs at a rapid rate can proceed with explosive violence... 

Furfuryl alcohol is comparable to kerosene or No. 1 fuel oil in flammabiUty, the Tag Closed Cup flash point is 170°F. In the presence of concentrated mineral acids or strong organic acids, furfuryl alcohol reacts with explosive violence. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid contact of such materials with the alcohol. Caution is also recommended to avoid over-catalysis in the manufacture of furfuryl alcohol resins. 

Forensic Serology. Blood, often associated with crimes of violence, is powerfiil physical evidence. Its presence suggests association with the criminal act and blood can be used to associate suspects and locations with the bleeder. Blood is a complex mixture of cellular material, proteins, and enzymes and several tests are available for suspected bloody evidence. A typical test protocol involves (/) determining whether blood is present, (2) determining if it is human blood, (J) typing the blood, and (4) when appHcable, performing DNA typing. 

Alkyl hydroperoxides can be Hquids or soHds. Those having low molecular weight are soluble in water and are explosive in the pure state. As the molecular weight increases, ie, as the active oxygen content is reduced, water solubiUty and the violence of decomposition decrease. Alkyl hydroperoxides are stronger acids than the corresponding alcohols and have acidities similar to those of phenols, Alkyl hydroperoxides can be purified through their alkali metal salts (28). 

The covalent compounds of graphite differ markedly from the crystal compounds. They are white or lightly colored electrical insulators, have Hi-defined formulas and occur in but one form, unlike the series typical of the crystal compounds. In the covalent compounds, the carbon network is deformed and the carbon atoms rearrange tetrahedraHy as in diamond. Often they are formed with explosive violence. 

Molten sodium cyanide reacts with strong oxidizing agents such as nitrates and chlorates with explosive violence. In aqueous solution, sodium cyanide is oxidized to sodium cyanate [917-61 -3] by oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or hypochlorous acid. The reaction with chlorine in alkaline solution is the basis for the treatment of industrial cyanide waste Hquors (45) ... 

Like the formation of a-cyanohydrins, this reaction is catalyzed by bases or cyanide ion, but unlike the a-cyanohydrin case this reaction is not reversible, and under certain conditions it can proceed with violence. Ethylene cyanohydrin can also be prepared by the reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and alkaH cyanides (39). 

Peroxide Formation. Except for the methyl alkyl ethers, most ethers tend to absorb and react with oxygen from the air to form unstable peroxides that may detonate with extreme violence when concentrated by evaporation or distillation, when combined with other compounds that give a detonable mixture, or when disturbed by heat, shock, or friction. Appreciable quantities of crystalline soHds have been observed as gross evidence for the formation of peroxides, and peroxides may form a viscous Hquid in the bottom of ether-fiHed containers. If viscous Hquids or crystalline soHds are observed in ethers, no further tests for the detection of peroxides are recommended. Several chemical and physical methods for detecting and estimating peroxide concentrations have been described. Most of the quaHtative tests for peroxides are readily performed and strongly recommended when any doubt is present (20). 

By the use of benzene as a diluent the reaction referred to in Note 6 takes place smoothly and without violence without it the yield is only about 200 g. 

But probably the most serious barrier has been the paralysis that overtakes the inexperienced mind when it is faced with an explosion. This prevents many from recognizing an explosion as the orderly process it is. Like any orderly process, an explosive shock can be investigated, its effects recorded, understood, and used. The rapidity and violence of an explosion do not vitiate Newton s laws, nor those of thermodynamics, chemistry, or quantum mechanics. They do, however, force matter into new states quite different from those we customarily deal with. These provide stringent tests for some of our favorite assumptions about matter s bulk properties. 

Pure uninhibited tetrafluoroethylene can polymerise with violence, even at temperatures initially below that of room temperature. There is little published information concerning details of commercial polymerisation. In one patent example a silver-plated reactor was quarter-filled with a solution consisting of 0.2 parts ammonium persulphate, 1.5 parts borax and 100 parts water, and with a pH of 9.2. The reactor was closed and evacuated, and 30 parts of monomer... 

The procedure has proved satisfactory for the preparation of tlie methyl, butyl, w-hexyl, 2-ethyIhexyl, and decyl esters of (iiazoacetic acid. The methyl ester should be handled with particular caution since heat causes it to detonate with extreme violence. 

As diethyl isonitrosomalonate may decompose with explosive violence on heating, further purification by distillation is not recommended. 

Explosion a confined vapour cloud explosion (CVCE) can result from ignition of vapour within a building or equipment a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) can result when unvented containers of flammable chemicals burst with explosive violence as a result of the build-up of internal pressure unconfmed vapour cloud explosion (UVCE) can result from ignition of a very large vapour or gas/air cloud. 

Several nonmetallic chlorides also react with water with varying degrees of violence to produce hydrochloric acid. Although these compounds are themselves... 

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