Detonating mixtures

Dioitroanthraquiaoae and 1,8-dinitroanthraquinone can also be prepared by nitration of anthraquiaone ia coaceatrated nitric acid (70). The 1,5-isomer can then be easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, since 1,8- or other isomers than 1,5-dinitroanthraquinone are completely dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. However, this process is unsuitable for industrial production for safety reasons the mixture of dinitroanthraquiaone and concentrated nitric acid forms a detonation mixture (71). Addition of sulfuric acid makes it possible to work outside the detonation area. 

Peroxide Formation. Except for the methyl alkyl ethers, most ethers tend to absorb and react with oxygen from the air to form unstable peroxides that may detonate with extreme violence when concentrated by evaporation or distillation, when combined with other compounds that give a detonable mixture, or when disturbed by heat, shock, or friction. Appreciable quantities of crystalline soHds have been observed as gross evidence for the formation of peroxides, and peroxides may form a viscous Hquid in the bottom of ether-fiHed containers. If viscous Hquids or crystalline soHds are observed in ethers, no further tests for the detection of peroxides are recommended. Several chemical and physical methods for detecting and estimating peroxide concentrations have been described. Most of the quaHtative tests for peroxides are readily performed and strongly recommended when any doubt is present (20). 

In the 1950s, the more descriptive schlieren records of the interactions between pressure waves and deflagration fronts were obtained [16-18], and Oppenheim [9] introduced the hypothesis of the "explosion in the explosion" (of the detonating mixture) occurring in the regime of accelerating flame to explain the sudden change in the velocity of the combustion wave observed in the experiments. 

Reaction with water is vigorous, and with large amounts of peroxide it may be explosive. Contact of the peroxide with combustibles and traces of water may cause ignition [1], Violent explosions on two occasions during attempted preparation of oxygen were attributed to traces of sodium in the peroxide. The former would liberate hydrogen and ignite the detonable mixture [2,3],... 

Advances continue in the treatment of detonation mixtures that include explicit polar and ionic contributions. The new formalism places on a solid footing the modeling of polar species, opens the possibility of realistic multiple fluid phase chemical equilibrium calculations (polar—nonpolar phase segregation), extends the validity domain of the EXP6 library,40 and opens the possibility of applications in a wider regime of pressures and temperatures. 

Since one can usually make an excellent guess of 72, one obtains // immediately and, thus, P2. Furthermore, /t does not vary significantly for most detonation mixtures, particularly when the oxidizer is air. It is a number close to 1.8, which means, as Eq. (5.21a) specifies, that the detonation velocity is 1.8 times the sound speed in the burned gases. 

What would be the most effective diluent to a detonable mixture to lower, or prevent, detonation possibility carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, or argon Order the expected effectiveness. 

Spinning detonation would, therefore, be most likely to occur whenever the induction zone is so thick that the transverse vibrations responsible for the phenomenon are not damped out by the mass flow. This would explain why spin is associated with mixtures near the detonation limits, and disappears in highly detonable mixtures in which induction times are very short and induction zones are very thin... 

B.T. Fedoroff O.E. Sheffield, "Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items , PATR 2700, Vol 3 (1966), p C325-R (Claessen s primer detonator mixtures) C529-R to C531-L ( Cord, detonating or Cordeau) D49-R (Delay blasting cap) D52 (Delay elements) D93-R... 

In attempts to increase the detonability of Ni hydrazinate, it was mixed with equal parts of an easily ignitable initiating substance, such as Pb-styphnate or Pb-picrate, and then ignited. The best that could be obtained was a deflagration but no detonation. Mixtures of the Ni complex with RDX deflagrated and only in one case detonated (Ref 3) ... 

W. Taylor and Cope [55] determined the minimum charge of a mixture of mercury fulminate (90%) and potassium chlorate (10%) necessary to detonate mixtures of trinitrotoluene and tetryl (Table 12). 

As was to be expected, mixtures with nitrobenzene are the most powerful and the most readily detonated. Mixtures with kerosene or vaseline are of equal strength,... 

Gaessen s primer and detonator mixtures 3 C325-C326... 

Let us calculate this quantity for the most slowly burning mixtures with u — 5 cm/sec (6% methane, 94% air), and the fastest burning mixtures with u = 1000 cm/sec (the detonating mixture 2H2+02) substituting constants for a temperature of about 500° C, where the velocity is higher as well, we find... 

In the initial state A the mixture (usually at room temperature) is chemically inert. Compression to the state Y or S heats the mixture to 1000-2000°C (typical values for detonating mixtures). At this temperature the chemical reaction begins and heat is released, similar to the way a chemical reaction begins when a mixture is introduced into a heated vessel. As heat is released the mixture moves to states which are intermediate in composition between the initial and final states. In Fig. 15 these states are represented by the points between Y and B or S and C (for a different detonation velocity), respectively. We recall that the curve AYS describes the states of the compressed but unreacted mixture, and the curve CBG—the states of the final reaction products. 

The flame, like a piston, moves and compresses the gas before it. To flame propagation at normal velocity in a detonation mixture of 2H2 + 02... 

Using more subtle methods, by x-raying the detonating mixture, the reaction zone was studied by Ya.B. and M. A. Rivin. Numerous foreign papers are also devoted to the detection and study of the reaction zone. 

Acetic Anhydride. Mixtures containing more than 50% fuming HN03 can be detonated mixtures containing less than 50% HN03 react uncontrollably with small quantities of water.3-5... 

Primary ignition refers to the concept that a tiny bit of relatively unstable, high-intensity explosive can be used safely to detonate relatively stable explosive compounds. If a primary ignition system is used, waxes and clay can be added to sensitive secondary explosives to stabilize them for transportation and deployment. Then very fast, easily detonated mixtures can be used in very small amounts to make the whole batch go. In some cases, two booster stages are employed, leading to final detonation of the main explosive charge. This is, in fact, what occurs when commercial powder handlers use a cap to detonate primer cord which, in turn, is wrapped around a block or more of C-4. 

Woliler patented a detonator mixture of load azide with three parts mercury fulminate, which mixture does not become dead pressed" even when subjected to 2000 atm. pressure. 

Above a critical volume it can be shocked into detonation. Mixtures with 3-bromopropyne are shock- and heat-sensitive explosives. Violent reaction with aniline + heat, alcoholic sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, and propargyl bromide. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cr and NO. ... 

TABLE 2 Detonation Mixtures" Velocities of Stoichiometric Hydrogen-Oxygen... 

Fhie detonation of an explosive is almost always effected by the detonation of >re sensitive explosive, of which a small quantity is placed in juxtaposition with first, and fired by mechanical shock, fuses, or electrical devices. Ordinary iission cap composition contains a mixture of mercury fulminate, potassium rate and antimony sulphide to which powdered glass may be added, in order attain increase of sensitiveness. The caps for detonators are of pure copper, cylindrical in shape, closed at one end, and charged with an intimate mixture 5 iaer cent, mercury fulminate and 15 per cent, potassium chlorate. Detonators nade in ten sizes, numbered consecutively, and contain 0.3, 0.4, 0.54, 0.65, o.8, x. 5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3 g. of the detonating mixture. 

---