Open spaces

High explosives. Those explosives which normally burn without undue violence when ignited in an open space, but which can be detonated by a sufficiently large sudden mechanical or explosive shock. 

Zeolites (section C2.13) are unique because they have regular pores as part of their crystalline stmctures. The pores are so small (about 1 nm in diameter) that zeolites are molecular sieves, allowing small molecules to enter the pores, whereas larger ones are sieved out. The stmctures are built up of linked SiO and AlO tetrahedra that share O ions. The faujasites (zeolite X and zeolite Y) and ZSM-5 are important industrial catalysts. The stmcture of faujasite is represented in figure C2.7.11 and that of ZSM-5 in figure C2.7.12. The points of intersection of the lines represent Si or A1 ions oxygen is present at the centre of each line. This depiction emphasizes the zeolite framework stmcture and shows the presence of the intracrystalline pore stmcture. In the centre of the faujasite stmcture is an open space (supercage) with a diameter of about 1.2 nm. The pore stmcture is three dimensional. 

The actinide elements exhibit uniformity in ionic types. In acidic aqueous solution, there are four types of cations, and these and their colors are hsted in Table 5 (12—14,17). The open spaces indicate that the corresponding oxidation states do not exist in aqueous solution. The wide variety of colors exhibited by actinide ions is characteristic of transition series of elements. In general, protactinium(V) polymerizes and precipitates readily in aqueous solution and it seems unlikely that ionic forms ate present in such solutions. 

Fouling Fouling affec ts MF as it affects all membrane processes. One difference is that the fouling effect caused by deposition of a foulant in the pores or on the surface of the membrane can be confounded by a rearrangement or compression of the sohds cake which may form on the membrane surface. Also, the high, open space found in tortuous-pore membranes makes them slower to foiil and harder to clean. 

One notes that the heavily populated areas of the country also have the highest number of WTE facilities as well as the highest intake of municipal waste into incinerators. This is also due to the lack of open space for landfills compared to the midwest and western states. The amount of waste combusted in the northeastern states is 20.7 percent of the total generated compared to 8.44 per-... 

The balance chamber leakoff line, while recommended to be held within the confines of the compressor casing may well turn out to require some user piping. There are some situations where the desire for keeping open space around the compressor for maintenance may require compromise on the part of the user. The balance of the connections on the axial are for lube oil and other auxiliary equipment not different from that found on other compressors. 

Open area The proportion of total screen area that is open space. Expressed as a percent. 

Moog, W. 1978. Ahnlichkeitstheoretische iiberlegungen bei raumstromungen. (Theoretical considerations of similarity for airflow within the open space). Kl 11/1978, Teil 4.3, pp. 267-270. 

Extensive review of equations for centerline velocities in flows in the vicinity of realistic hoods resulting from experimental and theoretical studies was performed by Braconnier, This review shows certain inconsistencies in equations available from the technical literature due to effects of parameters related to opening (shape, length-to-width ratio, presence of a flange) and the opening location (in an open space or limited by surfaces). The. summary of equations from this review complemented by information from Posokhin is presented in Tables 7.2.5 and 7.26. 

Errors related to velocity measurement instruments have different origins depending on the measurement principle. The most important of these have been covered in previous sections. One common source of error for all instruments is the disturbance of the flow field by the sensor/meter or the person carrying out the measuring. The influence of the sensor in an open space is usually... 

The first case is where a flame travels throngh an open space (expanding volnme) so that the pressnre remains constant. The constant pres-snre CART is most characteristic of the flame itself. All flames mnst initially propagate at constant pressnre, so this parameter determines the ability of a particnlar mixtnre to propagate a flame. It often closely approximates the temperatnre attained in a thin zone known as the reaction zone of the flame. In practice, chemical eqnilibrinm is not always attained and additional complications arise in high temperatnre flames, where dissociation of the prodncts depresses the CART. 

Monofilament fibers require special attention to ensure a uniform open space between the filaments. 

The woven wire mesh type are formed to control the open space between the wires, thereby limiting the maximum size particle that can pass through. The cartridge is installed in cases or small vessels to facilitate quick replacement, or they can be arranged for backwash by use of proper piping connections. The wire wound units have consistent spaces for uniform particle size filtering. 

The packing support consists of a floor grating material with bar openings spaced to give 57.5% free void area of cross-section. 

Pore Volume is the open space in the FCC catalyst, generally measured by mercury, nitrogen, or water. Mercury is used to measure large pores, nitrogen measures small pores, and water is used for both. 

The atmospheric condenser is a simplified form of evaporative condenser, having plain tubes over a collecting tank and relying only on natural air draught. This will be located on an open roof or large open space to ensure a good flow of air. The space required is of the order of 0.2 m /kW, and such condensers are not much used because of this large space requirement. Atmospheric condensers can still be seen on the roofs of old breweries. They are in current use where space is plentiful. 

Ice, seen floating on the water in the painting, has its water molecules arranged in an open hexagonal pattern. This is a result of hydrogen bonding. The large portion of open space in the structure explains why ice floats on water. 

Power, November 1975, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., New York, p. 41. ensure a uniform open space between the filaments. 

In a cycle of operation the liquid enters port A and fills the spaces 1 and 3, thus forcing the piston to oscillate counterclockwise opening spaces 2 and 4 to port B. Because of the partition, the piston moves downwards so that space 3 is cut off from port A and becomes space 4. Further movement allows the exit port to be uncovered, and the measured volume between hub and piston is then discharged. The outer space 1 increases until the piston moves upwards over the partition and space 1 becomes space 2 when a second metered volume is discharged by the filling of the inner space 3. Meters of this type will handle flows of between about 0.005 and 15 litres/s. 

This argumentation was strongly attacked by Aristotle who said that water can also move and flow without observable empty spaces in it. Maybe Aristotle simply overestimated the size of atoms as thought by Leukipp and Demokrit (Home, 1975). To justify his denial of empty spaces between atoms, one student said Well, you can t see open spaces in water (Lee et al., 1993, p. 257). Such misleading ideas about the size of atoms and particles are reported for students, too (e.g. Lee et al., 1993). Hence, learning difficulties can be explained by this frame When expecting that particles should be observable but no such particles can be seen, why should a learner believe in the existence of atoms ... 

Yet another common crystal lattice based on the simple cubic arrangement is known as the face-centered cubic structure. When four atoms form a square, there is open space at the center of the square. A fifth atom can fit into this space by moving the other four atoms away from one another. Stacking together two of these five-atom sets creates a cube. When we do this, additional atoms can be placed in the centers of the four faces along the sides of the cube, as Figure 11-28 shows. 

Ignore the open spaces since this is merely a simulation). As shown in this diagram, the water molecules flu the container and also have a free surface from which they can escape. 

Stretched Polymers MF membranes may be made by stretching (Fig. 20-68). Semicrystalline polymers, if stretched perpendicular to the axis of crystallite orientation, may fracture in such a way as to make reproducible microchannels. Best known are Goretex produced from Teflon , and Celgard produced from polyolefin. Stretched polymers have unusually large fractions of open space, giving them very high fluxes in the microfiltration of gases, for example. Most such materials are very hydrophobic. 

---