Patent examples

Bulk polymerisation processes have been known for many years but until the mid-1960s the only commercial process was one operated by Pechiney-St Gobain in France. This process was a one-stage process and according to one patent example vinyl chloride was polymerised with 0.8%% of its own weight of benzoyl peroxide in a rotating cylinder containing steel balls for 17 hours at 58°C. 

Pure uninhibited tetrafluoroethylene can polymerise with violence, even at temperatures initially below that of room temperature. There is little published information concerning details of commercial polymerisation. In one patent example a silver-plated reactor was quarter-filled with a solution consisting of 0.2 parts ammonium persulphate, 1.5 parts borax and 100 parts water, and with a pH of 9.2. The reactor was closed and evacuated, and 30 parts of monomer... 

Rhodium precipitation in solubilized rhodium-phosphite complex catalyzed liquid recycle hydroformylation may be minimized or prevented by carrying out product recovery in the presence of an organic polymer containing polar functional groups such as amides, ketones, carbamates, ureas and carbonates.[20] Patent examples include the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone and vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer with diorganophosphite-modified rhodium catalysts. 

CCR5 ligands 19-31 [54-66], have recently been reported either in the patent or the primary literature. Their clinical status has not been disclosed. When published, antiviral potency of a compound is included, otherwise randomly selected patent examples are shown in Figure 8. 

After the initial demonstration of stoichiometric nucleophilic attack on 7i-allyl ligands, catalytic allylic substitution reactions were pursued. In 1970, groups from Union Carbide [3, 4], Shell Oil [5], and Toray Industries [6] published or patented examples of catalytic allylic substitution. All three groups reported allylic amination with palladium catalysts. The Toray Industries report also demonstrated the exchange of aryl ether and ester leaving groups, and the patent from Shell Oil includes catalysts based on rhodium and platinum. 

Table 1 Patent examples of isocyanide-based MCRs for the assembly of piperazine scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and their use...

Sheppard et al.38) describe a wide variety of unsymmetrical, thermolabile azo compounds which may be used, via their C=C double bonds, as comonomers. The following examples are given here since these are cited in the patent examples ... 

To better envision an obviousness-type double patenting scenario, let s briefly rework the facts from the hypothetical of our statutory double patenting example just stated. In that example, we explained that attempting to claim the exact same compound twice (compound B) was not permissible, even though the earlier patent application was not 102 prior art. In this earlier scenario, we stated that the later patent application contained additional compounds that were not disclosed in the earlier patent application—compounds D and E. Since we have not yet discussed the analytical framework for obviousness, let s assume that compound D is an obvious... 

Recently published reports of ZSM-20 syntheses include evaluations (20.21) of the patent examples of Ciric (1) and Valyocsik (12) investigations of the role of gel structure and composition (22.) and studies of pressure and temperature effects (22.). The procedures used by Ciric and Valyocsik are outlined in Figure 1, and illustrate the potential problems with reproducibility in the former case. 

The intermediate stages of the gel aging may be viewed as nuclei incubation periods, and the presence of even small amounts of residual methanol may influence the final products. We have examined both the influences on the crystallization products of potassium cations(an undisclosed impurity in some commercial TEA products), and the variability in products derived from optimized ZSM-20 gel compositions seeded in a variety of ways. Although the original ZSM-20 patent describes successful syntheses based on TMOS as a silica source (1), we have been unsuccessful in duplicating the patent examples using presently... 

We end this chapter with an example that illustrates some of the aforementioned concepts. The inks described here are completely fictitious — physical properties are estimated and not measured — however, attempts are made to include ink additives from actual patent examples. 

Aminophenylarsinic Acids A—These acids and their derivatives may be isolated by reducing the corresponding nitro-acids with iron and hydrochloric acid. The preparation of 3-amino-4-hydroxy-, 4-amino-2-hydroxy- and 4-amino-phenylarsinic acids is dealt with in the patent. In a later patent examples are given of the preparation of 3-amino-4-hydroxy-, 4-amino-, 3 4-diamino- and 4-amino-2-hydroxy-phenyl-arsinic acids. 

Naturally, we were interested by one of Union s patent examples (3) which described use of lOX molecular sieve to separate a 2,6-DMN and 2,7-DMN binary eutectic (separation factor 2.7). We have enhanced this separation in 3 ways. First, by substitution of Na-Y sieve for lOX sieve, we have improved selectivity for 2,7-DMN adsorption. Second, a much sharper separation is obtained if a mixed refinery stream containing liquid DMN isomers is utilized instead of a pure binary mixture. Third, careful control of water content of the sieve allows improved selectivity. 

However, no patent examples [899] or other experimental details [903] relating to COBrF... 

Other suitable catalysts for the carboxymethylation of aromatic amines are zinc or copper carbamates. In 1997 it was patented a process " for the preparation of carbamates Ifom an aromatic amine and DMC in the presence of N,N-substituted carbamate complexes of zinc and copper. Table 6 summarises results reported in some of the patent examples, high selectivity was reported with aniline, while with MDA a considerable amount of N-methyl derivatives was foimd. 

Arheopectic pigmented bleach (alkali metal hypochlorite) hard surface cleaner formulated with bentonite clay is disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,688,435. Examples of time-dependent shear effects determined from constant shear rate measurements at 1, 10, 50, and 100 sec-1 are provided in the patent and shown in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3. The viscosity data show evidence of shear thickening as a function of time at constant shear rates of 1 and 10 sec-1 and thixotropy occurs at 50 and 100 sec-1. The formulation is rheopectic at 10 sec-1. Dynamic mechanical data are also contained in the patent and the storage and loss modulus as a function of strain amplitude is shown in Figure 4.4, for one patent example. 

TABLE 7.10 Formulating LDLDs for Effective Cleaning Patent Examples (1979-1995)... 

TABLE 7.11 Formulating LDLDs for High and Long-Lasting Foam Patent Examples (1981-1995)... 

TABLE 7.12 Formulating LDLDs for Mildness Patent Examples (1980-1995)... 

TABLE 7.14 Formulating LDLDs with Novel Surfactants U.S. Patent Examples (1996-2003)... 

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