Chlorine, reaction with

It is generally agreed that the dissociation of NO2CI has the mechanism 

Cordes and Johnston have concluded that it must be slow at 500 K and suggest the limits 

At this temperature the equilibrium is very much in favour of the dissociation products. 

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On the industrial scale, bromine is obtained from sea water by using the displacement reaction with chlorine (the reaction by which bromine was discovered) ... 

Reaction with Chlorine. Polyacrylamide reacts with chlorine under acid conditions to form reasonably stable A/-chloroamides. The polymers are water soluble and can provide good wet strength and wet web strength in paper (60). 

The reaction with fluorine occurs spontaneously and explosively, even in the dark at low temperatures. This hydrogen—fluorine reaction is of interest in rocket propellant systems (99—102) (see Explosives and propellants, propellants). The reactions with chlorine and bromine are radical-chain reactions initiated by heat or radiation (103—105). The hydrogen-iodine reaction can be carried out thermally or catalyticaHy (106). 

The most common reaction of methylene chloride is its reaction with chlorine to give chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. This occurs by a free-radical process initiated by heat or light in the gas or Hquid phase. Catalytic chlorination to these same products is also known (see Chlorocarbons and Cm OROHYDROCARBONS, Cm OROFORM). 

Chloroform can be manufactured from a number of starting materials. Methane, methyl chloride, or methylene chloride can be further chlorinated to chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride can be reduced, ie, hydrodechlorinated, to chloroform. Methane can be oxychlorinated with HCl and oxygen to form a mixture of chlorinated methanes. Many compounds containing either the acetyl (CH CO) or CH2CH(OH) group yield chloroform on reaction with chlorine and alkali or hypochlorite. Methyl chloride chlorination is now the most common commercial method of producing chloroform. Many years ago chloroform was almost exclusively produced from acetone or ethyl alcohol by reaction with chlorine and alkali. 

Halogenation. Coumarin reacts with bromine under moderate conditions to give 3,4-dibromocoumarin [42974-18-5] (24). The 3-bromocoumarin [939-18-4] and 3,6-dibromocoumarin [58309-97-0] are formed under more drastic conditions (25). 3-Chlorocoumarin [92-45-5] is formed by reaction with chlorine in dichloroethane (26) or without solvent (27). 

Molten sodium cyanide reacts with strong oxidizing agents such as nitrates and chlorates with explosive violence. In aqueous solution, sodium cyanide is oxidized to sodium cyanate [917-61 -3] by oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or hypochlorous acid. The reaction with chlorine in alkaline solution is the basis for the treatment of industrial cyanide waste Hquors (45) ... 

Treatment of a carborane derivative of thiirane with A-bromosuccinimide gives a j3-bromodisulfide (79MI50601). Chlorination of CM-2,3-di-f-butylthiirane by f-butyl hypochlorite proceeded differently to the reaction with chlorine itself (Scheme 41) (74JA3146). 

In addition to these microorganisms, three other types are readily destroyed Enteric vegetative bacteria (Eberthella, Shigella, Salmonella and Vibrio species) Worms such as the block flukes (Schistosoma, species) Viruses (for example, the virus of infectious hepatitis). Each of these groups of organisms differs in its reaction with chlorine. 

With nitriles, products from addition of one or two equivalents of halogen fluoride can be obtained [725, 726, 127, 128] (equations 25 and 26) on reaction with chlorine fluoride or bromine and an alkali metal fluoride. 

Fluoromethyl sulfides are converted to fluoromethanesulfonyl chlorides by reaction with chlorine in waters at low temperatures, intermediate sulfoxides can be isolated [109] (equation 100)... 

Presumably the active chlorine of the chloramines formed by reaction with chlorine gas or hypochlorite reacts with TDM in the presence of acetic acid to yield dark blue, mesomerically stabilized quinoid reaction products that possibly rearrange to yield triphenylmethane dyestuffs. 

Peroxides oxidize N,N-DPDD to Wurster s red, a semiquinone diimine derivative [4]. Similarly Wurster s red is also produced from N,N-DPDD by reaction with halogen-containing substances in the presence of sodium ethylate and UV light and by reaction with the chlorinated triazines produced by reaction with chlorine [7]. 

In homogeneous catalysis, both the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase, i.e. all are molecules in the gas phase, or, more commonly, in the liquid phase. One of the simplest examples is found in atmospheric chemistry. Ozone in the atmosphere decomposes, among other routes, via a reaction with chlorine atoms ... 

Concern has been expressed over the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere brought about by its reactions with chlorine atoms produced from chlorofluoroalkanes that are persistent in the troposphere, and that may contribute to radiatively active gases other than COj. 

Dodd MC, C-H Huang (2004) Transformation of the antibacterial agent sulfamethoxazole in reactions with chlorine kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways. Environ Sci Technol 38 5607-5615. 

Similarly, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone (TMHQ), a key intermediate in the synthesis of vitamin E, is produced via oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to the corresponding benzoquinone. Originally this was performed by reaction with chlorine followed by hydrolysis, but this process has now been superseded by oxidation with O2 in the presence of a Cu2Cl2/LiCl catalyst (see Fig. 2.20) (Mercier and Chabardes, 1994). Alternatively, this oxidation can also be cataly.sed by a heteropolyanion (Kozhevnikov, 1995). 

The chlorination of titanium dioxide (titania) is thus entirely feasible at 900 °C. Similarly, many other metal oxides can be converted to metal chlorides by reaction with chlorine in the presence of carbon. It should be noted that carbon itself is not easily chlorinated as the standard free energy of formation of carbon tetrachloride is positive at temperatures above 500 °C. 

Disilenes readily add halogens14,66 and active hydrogen compounds (HX), such as hydrogen halides,63,66 alcohols, and water,27 63 as well as hydride reagents, such as tin hydride and lithium aluminum hydride.66 These reactions are summarized in Scheme 9. The reaction of the stereo-isomeric disilene (E)-3 with hydrogen chloride and alcohols led to a mixture of E- and Z-isomers, but the reaction with chlorine gave only one of the two possible stereoisomers, thus indicating that the former two reactions proceed stepwise while the latter occurs without Si—Si rotation. 

The chemiluminescent reaction with chlorine dioxide provides a highly sensitive and highly selective method for only two sulfur compounds, hydrogen sulfide and methane thiol [81]. As in the flame photometric detector (FPD), discussed below, atomic sulfur emission, S2(B3S -> ) is monitored in the wave-... 

In this respect such reactions are analogous to the S 1 or limiting reactions of compounds producing carbonium ions, although the intermediate is a solvated carbanion rather than a solvated carbonium ion. In the base-catalyzed halogenation of ketones, for example, the rate is independent of the halogen concentration and is the same for the reaction with bromine as for the reaction with chlorine.384... 

Before the availability of high-purity lanthanide metals, the most popular starting material was the oxide, readily available pure. Because of their high stability, the oxides cannot readily be converted into the respective trihalides simply by reaction with chlorine or hydrogen chloride as oxochlorides are formed nevertheless, Templeton and Carter (45) have prepared pure trichlorides using this method. 

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