Ultimate and proximate analyses

The fuel properties of wood can be summarized by ultimate and proximate analyses and deterrnination of heating value. The analytical procedures are the same as those for coal, but with some modifications. Analytical results generally vary about as much within a species as they do between species, except that softwood species generally have a higher carbon content and higher heating values than hardwood species because of the presence of more lignin and resinous materials in softwood species (see Fuels from waste). 

Because ASPEN is to be used with coal conversion processes, its streams can be designated to carry an arbitrary number of solids or solid phases. This is done by specifying any number of substreams. In fact, the conventional vapor/liquid stream is normally assumed as a substream and solids can comprise other substreams. For the conventional vapor/liquid substream, process data is carried on component molar flows, total molar flow, temperature pressure, specific enthalpy, specific entropy, density, molar vapor fraction, molar liquid fraction, and molecular weight. For solid substreams, which are called "non-conventional substreams," the characterizing data is not as deterministic. The information associated with these substreams is called "attributes". Such attributes may be particle size distribution, ultimate and proximate analyses, or other material specific information. Another type of substream is an "informa-... 

Since fhey confain fhe impurities from original crude oil, fhe sulfur is usually high and appreciable vanadium sails may be presented. Some main characteristics of fhe fwo fypes of petroleum coke are shown in Table 31.6. Table 31.7 summarize the main chemical and physical properties of fhe green delayed pefroleum coke in terms of ultimate and proximate analyses, inferior calorific value, free swelling index, HGI, and ash fusion femperafure. 

When assessing the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the usage of different types of fuels, it was found that some waste fuels such as tires are considered a mature technology, but other solid waste have been only recently introduced as AF. Tires are the most geographically and widely used solid waste derived fuel they can be used in different forms such as entire, chipped, or shredded. The utilization of hres gives complete destruchon of the rubber and cotton, which are components of tires. The ultimate and proximate analyses of some AF are displayed in Table 31.9. 

Ultimate and Proximate Analyses of Some Alternative Fuels... 

Green delayed petroleum coke The ultimate and proximate analyses are displayed in Table 31.22. 

All experiments in dilute-phase hydrogasification used a feed of Pittsburgh seam coal having a free-swelling index of 8 and a volatile content of 41% moisture- ash-free basis. Ultimate and proximate analyses... 

Ultimate and proximate analyses of typical wood feed materials are given in Table I. Ranges of the operating conditions are ... 

Coal or coal blends (data from ultimate and proximate analyses)... 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF TEXAS LIGNITE PSOC 623 AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF RAW AND MODIFIED PSOC 623... 

In on effort to establish the mechanism of coal flotation and thus establish the basis for an anthracite lithotype separation, some physical and chemical parameters for anthracite lithotype differentiation were determined. The electrokinetic properties were determined by streaming potential methods. Results indicated a difference in the characteristics of the lithotypes. Other physical and chemical analyses of the lithotypes were mode to establish parameters for further differentiation. Electron-microprobe x-ray, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescent, infrared, and density analyses were made. Chemical analyses included proximate, ultimate, and sulfur measurements. The classification system used was a modification of the Stopes system for classifying lithotypes for humic coals. 

Standard tests consisted of proximate, ultimate, higher heating value, ash composition, ash fusibility temperatures, Hardgrove grindability, and screen analyses. Special bench scale characterization tests consisted of micro-proximate analysis and micro-ultimate analysis (C, H, N) micro-proximate and micro-ultimate analyses were performed on particulate samples collected from varying stages of combustion in the DTFS and CMHF. In addition, selected samples of SRC and chars from partial combustion or pyrolysis of the SRC were submitted for Thermo-Gravimetric analyses. 

Proximate analyses of the fuel and char were run using a standard laboratory drying oven, muffle furnace, and analytical balance according to ASTM Standard Methods. Ultimate Analysis for percent C, H, N, S, and O in the fuel char, and condensate was conducted by the Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley. The energy content of the fuel and char was determined with a Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. 

Some wastes, which are combustible, are burned in a high-temperature furnace, like a boiler or incinerator. The heat released by the combustion process is recovered by producing high-temperature steam to supply heat or to drive a turbine to generate electricity. The heating values of some combustible materials are shown in Table ll.ll.26 The proximate analyses and heating values of municipal refuse, wood, and peat are listed in Table 11.12.26 If the ultimate analysis is known for a waste, the heating values can be estimated by means of Equation 11.44. 

Various standardized analyses have been developed to determine the chemical composition of coals. Among them are the proximate analyses, which quantify the volatile and non-volatile components, and the ultimate analyses, which determine the elemental composition. These, and examples of other types of analyses, are listed in Table 4.5. Data are often recorded on a dry and ash-free (daf) basis, because of the variable amount of unbound water (particularly in brown coals) and inorganic minerals that may be present. A mineral-matter-free (mmf) rather than simple ash-free basis is often used for elemental composition in order to take account of the oxides, sulphides etc., and also the water of crystallization in inorganic minerals, when calculating the composition of the organic matter. 

Of the coals to be studied in this project, attention was focused on high volatile bituminous coal. Most of the work was devoted to Pittsburgh No. 8 seam coal from Ireland mine, with some tests on Ohio No. 6 seam coal from Broken Arrow mine and a highly volatile West Virginia No. 5 block coal. Proximate and ultimate analyses of these are given in Table I. Typical run data and product analyses are shown in Table II. 

Traditional analyses of fuels include proximate, ultimate, and ash elemental analysis along with calorific value and, increasingly, trace metal concentrations. These values are presented below however fuel characterization increasingly needs to focus attention on additional measures of fuel structure, fuel volatility, and fates of certain elen nts such as fuel nitrogen. 

Chemical Composition. Chemical compositional data iaclude proximate and ultimate analyses, measures of aromaticity and reactivity, elemental composition of ash, and trace metal compositions of fuel and ash. All of these characteristics impact the combustion processes associated with wastes as fuels. Table 4 presents an analysis of a variety of wood-waste fuels these energy sources have modest energy contents. 

Laboratory procedures for proximate and ultimate analyses are given in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards (Sec. 5, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, Pa., 1994) and in Methods of Analyzing and Testing Coal and Coke (U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 638, 1967). 

Table II Proximate and Ultimate Analyses of Coals Used in the Liquefaction Experiments...

Five coal materials were used in this study. These were Miike, Taiheiyo, Hikishima (Japanese coals), Morwell (Australian) and Bukit Asam (Indonesian) coals. The proximate and ultimate analyses of these coals are shown in Table 1. All of catalysts were powdered before... 

The coals were collected in the field by W. Spackman and his associates. Full petrographic, proximate, and ultimate analyses are available, but it does not seem appropriate to reproduce the full data here. The mineral matter contents reported below were determined by acid demineralization (1). 

Nearly all the Antarctic coal analyses are based upon determinations of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Coal Analysis Section under the supervision of Forrest E. Walker. Sources of other analytic data and sources of collections upon which they are based are cited in the locality listing of respective analyses tabulated. Ultimate values as well as results of proximate determination are given whenever available. 

The 36 Antarctic coal samples were analyzed chemically (proximate and ultimate analyses) at the U. S. Bureau of Mines in Pittsburgh. The results of these analyses accompanied the samples when received from J. M. Schopf. The samples were collected by W. E. Long in the Ohio Range on NSF grant... 

Nearly all the coals examined are relatively high in ash. Only two of the samples from the Terrace Ridge area contain less than 20% ash, on a moisture-free basis. Most of the remaining samples from this area range from impure coal to coaly shale. Most of the mineral matter is finely divided (dehydrated) clay, silica, and pyrrhotite. This is an important point since the proximate and ultimate analyses for material that deviates so widely from what is normally considered coal cannot be considered particularly reliable for comparison pur-... 

Proximate and ultimate analyses results (Tables VII and VIII, respectively) show that fixed and total carbon content of the lithotypes decrease in the order vitrain, durain, and fusain. The reverse of this trend is found for percent ash content, vitrain having the least and the durains and fusains having the most. Durain was found to have the highest percentage of volatile matter vitrains have the highest percentage of sulfur. 

Table I presents the proximate and the ultimate analyses of the coals used in the study. Coals A, B, D, and E were obtained from and analyzed by the United States Bureau of Mines. The coal samples were crushed by the Bureau to pass through 60 mesh before analyzing them. The coal which passed through 60 and was retained on 100 mesh was used in this study. Coal C was obtained directly from the mine and was analyzed by the Commercial Testing and Engineering Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

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