Partial Combustion

Operating Region Regenerator Combustion Partial Combustion Mode Full Combustion Mode... 

Photoelectric detectors are of the spot type or light-scattering type. In each, visible products of combustion partially obscure or reflect a beam of light between its source and a photoelectric receiving element. The disruption of the light source is detected by the receiving unit and as a result... 

The partial combustion (partial oxidation) of natural gas (Fig. 1) is probably the most widely used method of producing acetylene. The overall reaction of the methane (combustion and splitting) is 90 to 95 percent whereas the oxygen is 100 percent converted. The residence time is 0.001 to 0.01 seconds. The acetylene and gases are cooled rapidly by quench oil or water sprays to 38°C and have the following typical composition (percent by volume acetylene, 8 to 10 hydrogen, 50 to 60 methane, 5 carbon monoxide, 20 to 25 and carbon dioxide, <5. The soot is removed in a carbon filter and the clean gases are compressed to 165 psi (1.14 MPa). 

CAS 1333-86-4. A finely divided form of carbon, practically all of which is made by burning vaporized heavy-oil fractions in a furnace with 50% of the air required for complete combustion (partial oxidation). This type is also called furnace black. Carbon black can also be made from methane or natural gas by cracking (thermal black) or direct combustion (channel black), but these methods are virtually obsolete. All types are characterized by extremely fine particle size, which accounts for their reinforcing and pigmenting effectiveness. 

Examples Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), oxidative dehydrogenation of C -C4 alkanes, partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gasa, combined oxidative coupling of methane and toluene to styrene Surface-stabilized combustion, partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gasa, synthesis of cyanic acid from methane, ammonia, and oxygen3... 

Methanol steam reforming Catalytic combustion Partial oxidation of isoprene... 

The combustion of gasoline air mixtures in the combustion chamber of spark ignited engines leads essentially to the fonnation of total oxidation products, but also to CO, H2, NO, a hydrocarbon (HC) mixture and SO2. Several HC emissions formation mechanisms are possible to explain the origin of tlie hydrocarbon mixture [1,2], such as flame quenching at tlie cylinder walls or at crevice entrance, adsorption-desorption in the oil film and incomplete combustion (partial or complete misfire) particularly during transient operations. The HC that are not combusted (about 1 % of the gasoline) are either exliausted unmodified or... 

Photoelectric detectors are the spot type or light-scattering type. In each, visible products of combustion partially obscure or reflect a beam of light... 

Additives function by reacting with hydrocarbon partial oxjdation products by stoppihg the oxidation chain reaction that would otherwise driye the combustion. 

Large quantities of sulphur are recovered from petroleum and natural gas. Naturally occurring hydrogen sulphide, HjS, and that produced in the cracking and catalytic hydrogenation of petroleum is first removed by absorption and the regenerated gas is converted to sulphur by partial combustion with air, the overall reaction being,... 

Separation, combustion, pyrolysis, hydrogena-tion, anaerobic fermen-tation, aerobic fermen-tation, biophotolysis, partial oxidation, steam reforming, chemical hy-drolysis, enzyme hydrol-ysis, other chemical conversions, natural processes... 

Partial Oxidation. It is often desirable to augment the supply of naturally occurring or by-product gaseous fuels or to produce gaseous fuels of well-defined composition and combustion characteristics (5). This is particularly tme in areas where the refinery fuel (natural gas) is in poor supply and/or where the manufacture of fuel gases, originally from coal and more recently from petroleum, has become well estabHshed. 

Emissions from methanol vehicles are expected to produce lower HC and CO emissions than equivalent gasoline engines. However, methanol combustion produces significant amounts of formaldehyde (qv), a partial oxidation product of methanol. Eormaldehyde is classified as an air toxic and its emissions should be minimized. Eormaldehyde is also very reactive in the atmosphere and contributes to the formation of ozone. Emissions of NO may also pose a problem, especiaHy if the engine mns lean, a regime in which the standard three-way catalyst is not effective for NO reduction. 

The electric discharge processes can supply the necessary energy very rapidly and convert more of the hydrocarbons to acetylene than in regenerative or partial combustion processes. The electric arc provides energy at a very high flux density so that the reaction time can be kept to a minimum (see... 

Flame or Partial Combustion Processes. In the combustion or flame processes, the necessary energy is imparted to the feedstock by the partial combustion of the hydrocarbon feed (one-stage process), or by the combustion of residual gas, or any other suitable fuel, and subsequent injection of the cracking stock into the hot combustion gases (two-stage process). A detailed discussion of the kinetics for the pyrolysis of methane for the production of acetylene by partial oxidation, and some conclusions as to reaction mechanism have been given (12). 

Montecatini Process. This partial combustion process operates at higher pressure, 405—608 kPa (4—6 atm), than the BASF and SBA processes. The burner dimensions are proportionately smaller. Because of the higher pressure, the danger of premature ignition of the methane—oxygen mixture is higher so that 2 vol % of steam is added to the gas mixture to alter the flammabiUty limits. 

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