Higher-carbon

The glycidic esters are of interest primarily because upon hydrolysis aud decarboxylation they aflFord aldehydes (if ClCHjCOOEt is used) or ketones (if substituted chloroacetic esters- ClCHRCOOEt are employed) having a higher carbon content than the original aldehyde or ketone. Thus (I) gives o-phenyl-propionaldehyde or hydratropaldehyde (II) ... 

Process. Any standard precursor material can be used, but the preferred material is wet spun Courtaulds special acrylic fiber (SAF), oxidized by RK Carbon Fibers Co. to form 6K Panox B oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber (OPF). This OPF is treated ia a nitrogen atmosphere at 450—750°C, preferably 525—595°C, to give fibers having between 69—70% C, 19% N density less than 2.5 g/mL and a specific resistivity under 10 ° ohm-cm. If crimp is desired, the fibers are first knit iato a sock before heat treating and then de-knit. Controlled carbonization of precursor filaments results ia a linear Dow fiber (LDF), whereas controlled carbonization of knit precursor fibers results ia a curly carbonaceous fiber (EDF). At higher carbonizing temperatures of 1000—1400°C the fibers become electrically conductive (22). 

Linear a-olefins were produced by wax cracking from about 1962 to about 1985, and were first commercially produced from ethylene in 1965. More recent developments have been the recovery of pentene and hexene from gasoline fractions (1994) and a revival of an older technology, the production of higher carbon-number olefins from fatty alcohols. 

The fuel properties of wood can be summarized by ultimate and proximate analyses and deterrnination of heating value. The analytical procedures are the same as those for coal, but with some modifications. Analytical results generally vary about as much within a species as they do between species, except that softwood species generally have a higher carbon content and higher heating values than hardwood species because of the presence of more lignin and resinous materials in softwood species (see Fuels from waste). 

Martensitic Stainless Steels. The martensitic stainless steels have somewhat higher carbon contents than the ferritic grades for the equivalent chromium level and are therefore subject to the austenite—martensite transformation on heating and quenching. These steels can be hardened significantly. The higher carbon martensitic types, eg, 420 and 440, are typical cutiery compositions, whereas the lower carbon grades are used for special tools, dies, and machine parts and equipment subject to combined abrasion and mild corrosion. 

Partial replacement of ethanol by methanol has nearly no effect. In the case of propanol an increase in grafting is visible. This can be attributed to the mixing of higher carbon alcohols, e.g., butanol and isobutanol, with the active solvent methanol, which increases the miscibility of the monomer in these grafting systems and, consequently, increases the penetration of monomer to the active sites on the cellulose chains. 

Caustic extraction can remove mercaptan sulfur in light fractions, but not higher carbon number mercaptans or other types of sulfur molecules that are in the FCC gasoline. 

A major use of the 13% Cr higher carbon type is for the manufacture of corrosion-resistant cutting edges. Type 420S45 has been the standard for... 

At temperatures above 300°C, low-carbon nickel (0-02% C) is preferred to avoid the possibility of intergranular attack developing after long exposure if material of higher carbon is employed it should be annealed after fabrication and before exposure to caustic alkalis to prevent stress-assisted intergranular corrosion. 

The behaviour of austenitic stainless steels in caustic solutions has received less attention than cracking in chloride environments. Transgranular cracking has been reported for low-carbon (< 0.05%) steels in caustic solutions, whereas higher carbon content alloys cracked intergranularly. Wilson and Aspen showed that resistance to cracking was not decreased by sensitisation heat treatments. Type 316 stainless steel has been shown to be more susceptible to cracking in caustic than type 304. ... 

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