Sulfur measurement

There is an ambiguity in the way sulfur is reported in the literature that has caused confusion in the amount that can be tolerated. Reports often fail to distinguish whether the sulfur is measured by weight, as it would be before vaporization of a liquid fuel, or by volume, as it would be in a gas fuel or fuel gas reformate. An approximate mle of thumb is that the amount (by volume) of sulfur in a vaporized fuel is one-tenth the amount of sulfur measured by weight in the liquid fuel. 300 ppm sulfur (by weight) in the liquid fuel equates to 30 ppm sulfur (by volume) when the fuel is converted to a gaseous reformate. 

The Owens Lake brine analysis of Table V Indicates that the Na/S ratio should be approximately 3.8 for lake bed materials, which agrees quite well with the ambient ratio measured at Keeler. The above data suggests that airborne sulfur aerosols measured in the Owens Valley are in the form of sulfates which are suspended from the efflorescent crust on the Owens Lake bed. Therefore, if we assume that all the sulfur measured at each site is in the form of sulfate, then during a dust storm, the sulfate standard for the state of California (25pg/m ) is violated near the Owens Lake. It should be noted that the sulfate standard was developed for very fine acidic aerosols. The sulfates measured here are larger and basic particles, so their toxicity may be different from particles for which the standard was written. The calculated sulfate levels at each site during a dust storm are listed in Table VI. 

In on effort to establish the mechanism of coal flotation and thus establish the basis for an anthracite lithotype separation, some physical and chemical parameters for anthracite lithotype differentiation were determined. The electrokinetic properties were determined by streaming potential methods. Results indicated a difference in the characteristics of the lithotypes. Other physical and chemical analyses of the lithotypes were mode to establish parameters for further differentiation. Electron-microprobe x-ray, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescent, infrared, and density analyses were made. Chemical analyses included proximate, ultimate, and sulfur measurements. The classification system used was a modification of the Stopes system for classifying lithotypes for humic coals. 

Figure 4. Reduced sulfur measurements in the blood and immediately surrounding pore water for 6 individuals of Solemya reidi collected from one square meter of sediment at the Los Angeles sewage outfall in Santa Monica Bay, CA. Water SS032 and blood HS- levels were undetectable.

The performance of the system is tested by injecting 2 xl of OPCW check mixture running the Performance Check Injection method. The composition of the mixture is given in Annex 2. The retention times of the series of nine hydrocarbons in the check mixture are used by AMDIS for calibration of the RI the other seven compounds are used for assessing the performance of the GC and MS part of the system. Two components of the check mixture, chloromethylaniline and dibenzothiophene, are used for evaluation of isotopic ratios for chlorine and sulfur measured by the mass spectrometer. The example chromatogram of the check mixture is presented in Figure 5. 

Hamersma, J. W. Kraft, M. L. "Coal Sulfur Measurements," (Interagency Energy/Environment R D Program Report) EPA-600/7-79-150 July 1979... 

Ambient Data Characteristics. Table I gives day and night averages of selected fine particle species and gaseous sulfur measured at the Deep Creek Lake ambient site. 

Under the assumption that the gaseous sulfur, fine particle selenium and secondary fine particle sulfur measured at an ambient site originates from a single point source the tracer hybrid receptor model can be expressed in terms of the two equations... 

Table III. Ambient and Source Fine Particle and Gaseous Sulfur Measurements...

The behavior of melt viscosity of sulfur-dicyclopentadiene solutions is of obvious interest from the point of sprayable coatings. The melt viscosity behavior has been reported recently, but only qualitatively and over a narrow range of compositions (18). The viscosity of sulfur measured by the capillary method by Bacon and Fanelli (19, 20) is considered to be the best (21). Recently, however, the viscosity of sulfur has been measured by an apparatus containing an electric motor and a rotating cylinder (22). Viscosity of the sulfur-DCP solutions are measured here with the help of a Brookfield synchro-lectric viscometer, which is of the later kind. Viscosity measurements have been carried out to follow the copolymerization reaction and to analyze the viscosity behavior. 

Elemental Analyses. Sulfur measurements for preparative cuts and raw and control samples were made on 15-50-mg samples using ASTM Method D1552. The precision was 10% relative for maltenes and 5% relative for asphaltenes as determined by multiple measurements on several asphaltenes and maltenes. 

It is performed in a ventilated muffle furnace, as described above. Catalysts A and B were regenerated at increasing temperatures and the remaining amounts of carbon and sulfur measured at each step. 

Usually A,i g is known either from the solid-state measurements or from the liquid sulfur measurements below 159°C. The parameter — Aj g can be adapted by comparing of the measured A j with the value of obtained from other experiments at a particular temperature Tj. Once the value of Ag ain - nng established, Oj can be calculated from A.f. Because of this procedure and the necessity of comparing with other results, the outcomes of the experiments of this category are less than those of the first category. The third category comprises experiments where more than one parameter has to be adapted. 

Mackinnon IDR, Mogk DW (1985) Surface sulfur measurements on stratospheric particles. Geophys Res Lett 12 93-96... 

Possible interferences include the presence of chlorine in the oil and coating of the flow cell beryllium windows. Chlorine may interfere with the sulfur measurement if the chlorine is present in a concentration ratio to the sulfur of greater than 1 10 and the chlorine concentration varies independently of the sulfur. Flow cell window coating has negligible effect on the sulfur measurement in XRT. This is because a coating build-up of a few hundred microns is a negligible part of the entire X-ray path length. 

Significant advances in sample introduction, combustion technique, and the handling of combustion byproducts have been incorporated into the basic on-line Sulfur by UV Fluorescence analyzer. The implementation of these new techniques has yielded a continuous rapid sulfur measurement capability that is based upon the reliable and well-established D 5453 standard test method. Figure 4 describes a typical high speed sulfur analyzer. 

A properly designed sample conditioning system (SCS) is critical for reliable high speed sulfur measurements. The main function of the SCS is to prepare a representative process sample for introduction into the analyzer with as little delay as possible and to select what is sent to the analyzer for analysis or calibration. A correctly designed SCS will remove particulates and water, regulate the sample pressure, and control the sample flow to ensure sample introduction under constant conditions. 

TABLE 4—Linearity of sulfur measurements for the high speed sulfur (HSS) analyzer. Average Sulfur Number of Standard Deviation, % Relative... 

ABSTRACT A novel measurement technique has been developed for the rapid determination of low levels of sulfur in hydrocarbon matrices. The technique employs low thermal mass gas chromatography (LTMGC) and a dual plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector (DP-SCD). Highly sensitive total volatile sulfur measurement can be made in less than 30 s with detection limits in the 20-30 parts per billion range. Response is linear over at least three orders of magnitude sulfur with excellent repeatability. 

It is apparent that elemental sulfur species that are suspected to cause silver corrosion can be detected at the appropriate levels that contribute to the fuel gauge issue. Of course, the ability to make a rapid total sulfur measurement is extremely useful in many circumstances. For instance, in a process plant upset, speciation of sulfur may be desirable only when a total sulfur specification is exceeded. In those circumstances, it is desirable to be able to simply change operating conditions back and forth between total sulfur and speciated sulfur analysis, and this is achievable using LTMGC. 

The Mitsubishi TSX-10 halogen-sulfur analyser expands the technology of the TOX-10 to include total chlorine and total sulfur measurement. The model TSX-10, which consists of the TOX-10 analyser module and a sulfur detection cell, measures total sulfur and total chlorine in liquid and solid samples over a sensitivity range of milligrams per litre to a percentage. Dohrmann also produces automated sulfur and chlorine analyser (models MCTS 130/120). This instrument is based on combustion microcoulometric technology. 

Figure 4.18 Deactivation of Pt/Ce02 catalyst by synthetic diesel fuel (10 ppm S) and JP-8 diesel fuel (1000 ppm sulfur) measured via the hydrogen yield, experimental conditions S/C = 2.5 0/C=l GHSV=17000h [8],...

However, sulfur measurement by ICP-MS is hampered by the low ionization efficiency. Because sulfur has a relatively high first ionization potential, the ionization of sulfur in the argon plasma is only 10%. ° In addition, serious polyatomic ions, such as 0 0-", N 0+ and 0 0, 0 0H+, interfere with the main isotopes, S and " S, respectively. These spectral interferences at m/z 32 and 34 can be overcome by a sector field ICP-MS (ICP-SF MS) with a mass resolution of about ml Am = 4000. ... 

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