Resinous materials

Benzoic acid had been known for several hundred years by the time of Mitscher lich s experiment Many trees exude resinous materials called balsams when cuts are made m their bark Some of these balsams are very fragrant which once made them highly prized articles of commerce especially when the trees that produced them could be found only m exotic faraway lands Gum benzoin is a balsam obtained from a tree that grows m Java and Sumatra Benzoin is a word derived from the Erench equivalent benjoin which in turn comes from the Arabic luban jawi meaning incense from Java Benzoic acid is itself odorless but can easily be isolated from gum benzoin... 

ASTM D4181 calls out standard specifications for acetal mol ding and extmsion materials. Homopolymer and copolymer are treated separately. Within each class of resin, materials are graded according to melt flow rate. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is expected to issue a specification for acetal resins before 1992. 

Plastics and Resins. Plastics and resin materials are high molecular weight polymers which at some stage in their manufacture can be shaped or otherwise processed by appHcation of heat and pressure. Some 40—50 basic types of plastics and resins are available commercially, but HteraHy thousands of different mixtures (compounds) are made by the addition of plasticizers, fillers, extenders, stabilizers, coloring agents, etc. 

Liquefied petroleum gases precipitate asphaltic and resinous materials from cmde residues while the lubricating oil constituents remain in solution. Although all Hquefied gases possess this property to some extent, propane and butane are used to deasphalt residual lubricating oils because of their relative low cost and their ease of separation from lubricating oils. 

Wood also contains 3—10% of extraceUulat, low molecular weight constituents, many of which can be extracted from the wood using neutral solvents and therefore ate commonly caUed extractives. These include the food reserves, the fats and their esters in parenchyma ceUs, the terpenes and resin acids in epitheUal ceUs and resin ducts, and phenoUc materials in the heartwood. Resin materials occur in the vessels of some hardwood heartwood. 

Reactions. Saligenin [90-01-7] undergoes the typical reactions of phenols and benzyl alcohol. When heated above 100°C, it transforms into a pale yellow resinous material. Amorphous condensation products are obtained when saligenin reacts with acetic anhydride, phosphoms pentachloride, or mineral acids. Upon boiling with dilute acids, saligenin is converted into a resinous body, saliretin, a condensed form of saligenin. Condensation reactions of saligenin with itself in the absence of any catalysts and in the presence of bases have also been studied. 

First, the tar acids were removed from the naphtha fractions of light oils and, in the case of CVR tars, carboHc oil. The oils were then mixed with 25—35% sulfuric acid. After separation of the sulfates, the aqueous solution was diluted with water and the resinous material skimmed off. The diluted sulfate solution was boiled to expel any neutral oils, dried by the addition of soHd caustic soda or a2eotropically with ben2ene, and fractionated to yield pyridine, 2-methylpyridine (a-picoline), and a fraction referred to as 90/140 bases, which consisted mainly of 3- and 4-methylpyridines and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine). Higher boiling fractions were termed 90/160 and 90/180 bases because 90% of the product distilled at 160 and 180°C, respectively. 

The food flavor industry is the largest user of vanillin, an indispensable ingredient in chocolate, candy, bakery products, and ice cream. Commercial vanilla extracts are made by macerating one part of vanilla beans with ten parts of 40—50% alcohol. Although vanillin is the primary active ingredient of vanilla beans, the full flavor of vanilla extract is the result of the presence of not only vanillin but also other ingredients, especially Httle-known resinous materials which contribute greatly to the quaUty of the flavor. 

Carpet. Carpet, an important textile, may also be treated to provide water and oU repeUency however, the principal functions of the current carpet treatments are to provide soU and stain resistance. High quaUty carpets, especiaUy those made from nylon, polyester, or wool, have a significant proportion of the surface coated with fluorochemical materials. The treatments can be spray-appUed to a finished carpet or appUed directly to the fiber during the spinning or dyeing operations. Suitable fluorinated resin materials are readily avaUable from 3M or DuPont. 

The fuel properties of wood can be summarized by ultimate and proximate analyses and deterrnination of heating value. The analytical procedures are the same as those for coal, but with some modifications. Analytical results generally vary about as much within a species as they do between species, except that softwood species generally have a higher carbon content and higher heating values than hardwood species because of the presence of more lignin and resinous materials in softwood species (see Fuels from waste). 

Currendy, epoxy resins (qv) constitute over 90% of the matrix resin material used in advanced composites. The total usage of advanced composites is expected to grow to around 45,500 t by the year 2000, with the total resin usage around 18,000 t in 2000. Epoxy resins are expected to stiH constitute about 80% of the total matrix-resin-systems market in 2000. The largest share of the remaining market will be divided between bismaleimides and polyimide systems (12 to 15%) and what are classified as other polymers, including thermoplastics and thermoset resins other than epoxies, bismaleimides, cyanate esters, and polyimide systems (see Composites,polymer-matrix-thermoplastics). 

The phenolics are resinous materials produced by condensation of a phenol, or mixture of phenols, with an aldehyde. Phenol itself and the cresols are the most widely used phenols whilst formaldehyde and, to a much less extent, furfural are almost exclusively used as the aldehydes. 

Bed A mass of ion-exchange resin particles contained in a column. Bed depth The height of the resinous material in the column after the exchanger has been properly conditioned for effective operation. Bed expansion The effect produced during backwashing when the resin particles become separated and rise in the column. The... 

State at which resin exists before becoming a hard solid. Resin material has the consistency of a gelatin in this state initial jelly-like solid phase that develops during the formation of a resin from a liquid. 

Isoindoles are reactive toward oxidizing agents, and precautions usually advocated in the preparation of these compounds to prevent their oxidation merit careful consideration. The end products of oxidation are most often colored, resinous materials of indeterminate structure. The oxidative reactions appear to be accelerated by light and occur much more rapidly in solution than in the solid state. In a separate but possibly related process, certain isoindoles undergo polymerization in the solid state to give resins which, according to... 

The aqueous portion of the mixture is now siphoned off from the supernatant layer of oily phenyinitropropanol and replaced with a fresh solution of 11.0 kg of sodium bisulfite in 50.0 liters of water. The mixture of phenyinitropropanol and bisulfite solution Is now vigorously agitated for 15 minutes in order to remove and recover small amounts of unreacted benzaldehyde, and is then again allowed to stratify. This time, the phenyinitropropanol is siphoned off and filtered to remove a small amount of resinous material. The aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite remaining behind is reacted with benzaldehyde, as described above, thus making the process continuous. 

Performance of Cured Resin Sockets. Poured resin sockets may be moved when the resin has hardened. After ambient or elevated temperature cure recommended by the manufacturer, resin sockets should develop the nominal strength of the rope and should also withstand, without cracking or breakage, shock loading sufficient to break the rope. Manufacturers of resin socketing material should be required to test to these criteria before resin materials are approved for this end use. 

A third method is to convert the structural foam cross-section to an equivalent I-beam section of solid resin material (Fig. 6-22). 

Resin Material Notched Izod, ft-lb/in., I in. bar Tensile Strength, psi x 103 Tensile Modulus, psi x 103 Elongation, (%) Flexural Strength, psi x 103 Compressive Strength, psi x 103... 

Resin Material Compressive Modulus, psi x 103 Heat Distortion Temperature, °F, 264 psi Heat Resistance, Continuous °F Thermal Expansion, in./in.- C x 10-5 Thermal Conductivity, cal/cm2-sec-°C-cm x 10 4 Volume Resistivity, ohm-cm... 

Dielectric Strength, ST Constant, g-in. Thickness, Resin Material 60 Cycles volts/mil... 

Resin Material Flammability, in. /min Specific Gravity Mold Shrinkage, in./in. Clarity... 

Resin Material Heat Resistance, Continuous °F Thermal Expansion in./°C x lO"5 Thermal Conductivity, cal/sec-cm2-°C-cm x 10"4 Volume Resistivity, ohm/cm Dielectric Constant, 60 Cycles Dielectric Strength, STI/8V.P.M. 

Vinylfuran did not polymerize with butyl lithium in hexane or tetrahydrofuran. Traces of resinous materials were isolated. Their spectra indicated complicated structures and not poly(2-vinylfuran). 

When undiluted 2-vinylfuran was added to metallic sodium (mirror or particles) an orange colour developed and some resinous material was deposited on the metal surface. On prolonged contact much of the monomer was converted into a partly-insoluble reddish resin with spectra unrelated to those of standard poly(2-vinyl-furan). Reaction of diluted monomer with sodium gave a milder interaction, but no evidence of living anionic polymerization. 

The mechanisms of formation of dark resinous materials from these compounds can be studied and subsequently used as models for the understanding of the more complex situations which occur in furan polymers. A brief survey of these topics is given in this chapter. 

---