Trace metal concentrations

Table 8. Trace Metal Concentrations in Ash from Agricultural Biofuels and Wood-Fired Boilers, mg/kg...

Despite the difficulties, there have been many efforts in recent years to evaluate trace metal concentrations in natural systems and to compare trace metal release and transport rates from natural and anthropogenic sources. There is no single parameter that can summarize such comparisons. Frequently, a comparison is made between the composition of atmospheric particles and that of average crustal material to indicate whether certain elements are enriched in the atmospheric particulates. If so, some explanation is sought for the enrichment. Usually, the contribution of seaspray to the enrichment is estimated, and any enrichment unaccounted for is attributed to other natural inputs (volcanoes, low-temperature volatilization processes, etc.) or anthropogenic sources. 

Elerrick GT, Friedland AJ. 1990. Patterns of trace metal concentrations and acidity in montane forest soils of the northeastern United States. Water Air Soil Pollut 53 151-157. 

Sierra EM, Rowles TK, Martin J, et al. 1989. Low level lead neurotoxicitv in a pregnant guinea pigs model Neuroglial enzyme activities and brain trace metal concentrations. Toxicology 59 81-96. 

Scarponi et al. [93] concluded that filtration of seawater through uncleaned membrane filters shows positive contamination by cadmium, lead, and copper. In the first filtrate fractions, the trace metal concentration maybe increased by a factor of two or three. During filtration, the soluble impurities are leached from the filter, which is progressively cleaned, and the metal concentration in the filtrate, after passage of 0.8 -11 of seawater, reaches a stable minimum value. Thus it is recommended that at least one litre of seawater at natural pH be passed through uncleaned filters before aliquots for analysis are taken... 

The primary requirement for all equipment (whether it be a volumetric flask, an oven used for drying samples or an atomic absorption spectrometer used for determining trace metal concentrations) is that it must be fit for its intended... 

Eisler, R. 1981. Trace Metal Concentrations in Marine Organisms. Pergamon Press, NY. 687 pp. 

Horowitz, A. and B J. Presley. 1977. Trace metal concentrations and partitioning in zooplankton, neuston, and benthos from the south Texas Outer Continental Shelf. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5 241-255. 

Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1981. The Sources, Chemistry, Fate, and Effects of Chromium in Aquatic Environments. (Avail, from American Petroleum Institute, 2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. 207 pp.) Eisler, R. 1981. Trace Metal Concentrations in Marine Organisms. Pergamon Press, NY. 687 pp. 

Jiann, K.T. and B.J. Presley. 1997. Variations in trace metal concentrations in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from Galveston Bay, Texas. Estuaries 20 710-724. 

Anderlini, V.C. 1992. The effect of sewage on trace metal concentrations and scope for growth in Mytilus edulis aoteanus and Perna canaliculus from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Sci. Total Environ. 125 263-288. 

Sanders, J.G., G.F. Riedel, and G.R. Abbe. 1991. Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of trace metal concentrations in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Pages 335-339 in M. Elliott and J.P. Ducrotoy (eds.). Estuaries and Coasts Spatial and Temporal Comparisons. ECSA Sympos. 19 (Univ. Caen, France, 1989). Olsen Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark. 

Cain, D.J. and S.N. Luoma. 1986. Effect of seasonally changing tissue weight on trace metal concentrations in the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28 209-217. 

Hopkins, W.A., M.T. Mendonca, C.L. Rowe, and J.D. Congdon. 1998. Elevated trace metal concentrations in southern toads, Bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 325-329. 

The influence of soil and bedrock on trace metal concentrations and groundwater quality in northern Finland... 

Fuller, R. D., Simone, D. M., Driscoll, C. T. (1988). Forest clearcutting and effects on trace metal concentrations spatial patterns in soils solution and streams. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 40, 185-193. 

Table 11.2 gives some representative examples of dissolved trace metal concentrations in rivers, especially in large impolluted rivers. 

Table 11.2 Examples of Dissolved Trace Metal Concentrations in Rivers... 

It has been used for the analysis of a number of elements, for instance Na, K, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Ni and Fe present in various tissues of human beings. Changes in trace-metal concentrations have been studied at length with regard to the ageing process. 

Measurement of trace metal concentrations can provide fundamental insights into marine geochemical processes. Many metals are important micronutrients in seawater and can play a significant role in upper ocean biogeochemistry and carbon cycling. Under certain conditions, elevated concentrations of metals associated with human activities can have negative impacts on marine ecosystems. 

Vertical profiles of O2 and particulate and dissolved trace metal concentrations at 32.5°E and 44.5°N in the Black Sea. (a) Temperature, salinity, fluorescence, and O2 (b) ammonium, silica, nitrate+nitrite, and phosphate (c) Fe (d) Mn (e) Co (f) Pb (g) Cu (h) Zn (I) Cd and Ni. In the trace metal profiles, the dissolved concentrations are represented as solid circles, the total particulate concentrations by open circles, the acid-leachable particulate concentrations by open squares, and the suspended particulate matter concentrations by the solid triangles. Source-. After Tankere, S. P. C., et al. (2001). Continental Shelf Research, 21, 1501-1532. 

Earlier sections presented chemical models for the extraction of acids and metals into organic solvents, and show that these models, expressed mathematically, agree with experimental data at trace metal concentrations and at constant activity coefficients. These models provide a rationale for understanding the chemical principles of solvent extraction. 

Chapters 7 and 8 describe two major techniques for the monitoring of trace elements in environmental samples atomic absorption (AA) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). AA is most ideally suited for analyses where a limited number of trace metal concentrations are needed with high accuracy and precision. ICP has the advantage of multielement analysis with high speed. 

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