Toxic substances exposure

EPA. 1990. Uptake of lead from formula and food by infants Reanalysis of the Ryu et al. data. Draft final report. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances. 

Malone KE, Koepsell TD, Daling JR, et al. 1987. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in relation to toxic substance exposure [Abstract], Am J Epidemiol 126 763. 

Cone MV, Ferguson M, Powers CD, et al. 1986. National body-burden database chemicals identified in human biological media 1984. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Exposure Evaluation Division. EPA 560/5-84-003-Vol. 7-Pt.-2. 

Morris PD, Koepsell TD, Dating JR, et al. 1986. Toxic substance exposure and multiple myeloma. A case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(6) 987-994. 

Exposure is the contact of an organism with a toxic substance exposure assessment is the estimation of the magnitude, frequency, duration, and route of exposure (Patton, 1993). The primary tasks of exposure assessments include (i) identifying the populations that may be exposed,... 

Chemical Dosimetry bv TSP LC/MS. One of our long-term objectives in studying TSP LC/MS is the development of chemical dosimetry based on direct determination of polar metabolites in biological fluids. Most toxic substance exposure scenarios (i.e., near hazardous waste sites) involve complex and variable mixtures of substances. Biological monitoring, where human fluids, tissues and excreta are analyzed, measures actual exposure, whereas analysis of soil, air or water can only provide an estimate of potential exposure. Exposure data forms the basis of human health risk assessment, and ultimately defines cleanup requirements at contaminated sites. 

The principles of treatment of nerve agent poisoning are the same as they are for any toxic substance exposure namely, terminate the exposure establish or maintain ventilation administer an antidote, if one is available and correct cardiovascular abnormalities. 

A physical condition in which the effects of a toxic substance exposure cause a reduction or dulling in consciousness, similar to an anesthetic effect. 

Sheila Pressley, DrPH, is an associate professor in the Department of Enviromnental Health Science at Eastern Kentucky University (EKU) in Richmond, Kentucky. Her research interests include children s environmental health issues as they relate to toxic substance exposures from lead and illegal drug lab enviromnents, as well as food safety and security. In addition to her book publications, she has also published articles in various newsletters, magazines, and journals. Pressley received a BS in environmental health science from Western Carolina University. She received an MS from the Civil Engineering School at Tufts University and a DrPH from the University of Kentucky s College of Public Health. She also holds a number of professional certifications, such as the Registered Environmental Health Specialist credential from the National Enviromnental Health Association and the Certified in Public Health credential from the National Board of Public Health Examiners. Prior to... 

This recommended practice is intended to apply to faciUties that (/) handle or store flammable or explosive substances in such a manner that a release of ca 5 t of gas or vapor could occur in a few minutes and (2) handle toxic substances. The threshold quantity for the toxic materials would be determined using engineering judgment and dispersion modeling, based on a potential for serious danger as a result of exposures of <1 h. 

Toxic Substances Control Act. EPA regulates the manufacture, use, and exposure to ha2ardous or toxic chemicals under a number of laws. Eor the chemical industry, the law of prime concern is the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) (10), which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1976. The two main goals of TSCA are acquisition of sufficient information to identify and evaluate potential ha2ards from chemical substances, and regulation of the production, use, distribution, and disposal of these substances. 

Styrene is Hsted in the U.S. Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Inventory of Chemicals. It is not confirmed as a carcinogen but is considered a suspect carcinogen. The recommended exposure limits are OSHA PEL 50 ppm, ACGIH TLV 50 ppm. For higher concentrations,... 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

MCS may result from a single massive exposure to one or more toxic substances or repeated exposure to low doses. On one hand, some people may become chemically sensitive following a toxic chemical spill at work or in their community or after being sprayed directly with pesticides. On the other, individuals may develop this condition from spending forty hours each week in a poorly ventilated building where they breathe a profusion of chemicals common to our modem way of life. 

On-line system. Provides support for exposure assessments of toxic substances. Includes chemical properly estimation techniques, siahsiical analysis, multi-media modeling, and graphics display (including models)... 

A medical surveillance program is designed to protect the workers health. Given the limitations of industrial hygiene monitoring data and the many hazards involved in hazardous waste activities, medical surveillance data may provide the only indication that worker exposure to toxic substances has occurred. 

International Labor Office, 1991. Occupational exposure limits for airborne toxic substances. Occupational Safety and Health Series, No. 37. International Labour Office, Geneva. 

Operating under contract to EPA, the TCSA Hotline provides technical assistance and information about programs under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), including the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), and the Lead Exposure Reduction Act. Hours 8 30 a.m. - 5 00 p.m. EST weekdays. 

A susceptible population will exhibit a different or enhanced response to methyl parathion than will most persons exposed to the same level of methyl parathion in the environment. Reasons may include genetic makeup, age, health and nutritional status, and exposure to other toxic substances (e g., cigarette smoke). These parameters result in reduced detoxification or excretion of methyl parathion, or compromised fimction of organs affected by methyl parathion. Populations who are at greater risk due to their imusually high exposure to methyl parathion are discussed in Section 6.7 Populations With Potentially High Exposures. 

Figure 3-5 graphically depicts the information that currently exists on the health effects of methyl parathion in humans and animals by various routes of exposure. The available literature reviewed concerning the health effects of methyl parathion in humans described case reports of longer-term studies of pesticide workers and case reports of accidental or intentional ingestion of methyl parathion. The occupational exposure is believed to be via the dermal and inhalation routes. The information on human exposure is limited in that the possibility of concurrent exposure to other pesticides or other toxic substances cannot be quantified. 

View Database. 1989. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Office of External Affairs, Exposure and Disease Registry Branch, Atlanta, GA. September 25, 1989. 

Odds Ratio (OR)—A means of measuring the association between an exposure (such as toxic substances and a disease or condition) which represents the best estimate of relative risk (risk as a ratio of the incidence among subjects exposed to a particular risk factor divided by the incidence among subjects who were not exposed to the risk factor). An odds ratio of greater than 1 is considered to indicate greater risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed. 

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