Nerve agent poisoning

DELAYED A delayed casualty is one who needs further medical care but can wait for that care without risk of compromising successful recovery. That person may require extensive surgical procedures and long-term hospitalization, but is presently stable and requires no immediate care. A casualty with a leg wound or fracture is an example of a conventional casualty who would be delayed. A casualty recovering from severe nerve agent poisoning will be delayed. Most casualties with vesicant burns will be delayed. 

PAM Chloride Trade names protopam chloride, or pralidoxime chloride. 2-PAM chloride can be used in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning. 

Acute Exposure If recovery from nerve agent poisoning occurs, it will be complete unless anoxia or convulsions have gone unchecked so long that irreversible central nervous system changes due to anoxemia have occurred. 

Sure, why not 1 continued, noticing he raised no immediate objection. I can easily do one on incapacitating agents, but I suspect anesthesiologists would also want to hear about nerve agent poisoning and its treatment. ... 

Listed below are the symptoms for nerve agent poisoning ... 

Bay, E., Steinberg, G.M. 1973. Evaluation of chemotherapeutic compounds In nerve agent poisoning. EATR 4716. 

Bajgar J (2004) Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning mechanism of action, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment. Adv Clin Chem 38 151-216... 

On the defensive side, service requirements were promulgated for a real-time detector for nerve agents in the field, shipboard detectors for Royal Navy vessels, prophylactics and therapy for nerve agent poisoning and a new respirator. The procurement cycle for some of these items was relatively quick, but for others, in particular the respirator, the process was one of continuous improvement reflecting advances in science and technology. However, to try to provide a succinct analysis of the first 20 post-war years of chemical weapon development in Britain is difficult mainly because many topics cannot be reported due to the non-disclosure of sensitive documents by the British government. 

Bonhage MR, Chilcoat CD, Li Q, Melendez V, Flournoy WS (2008) Evaluation of two scopolamine and physostigmine pre-treatment regimens against nerve agent poisoning in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32 146-153... 

John H, Worek F, Thiermann H (2008) LC-MS based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and the verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. Anal Bioanal Chem 391 97-116... 

The only reported incidents of nerve agent poisoning, where biomedical samples have been obtained, are those resulting from terrorist dissemination of sarin in Matsumoto (1994) and the Tokyo subway (1995), plus an assassination using VX, also in Japan (60). In contrast to the CW incidents involving sulfur mustard, many of the biomedical samples associated with these terrorist attacks were collected within hours of the event. 

Capacio BR, Harris LW, Anderson DR et al. (1992) Use of the accelerating rotarod for assessment of motor performance decrement induced by potential anticonvulsant compounds in nerve agent poisoning. Drug Chem Toxicol 15 177-201 Dunham NW, Miya TS (1957) A note on a simple apparatus for detecting neurological deficit in mice and in rats. J Am Pharm Ass 46 208-209... 

Dawson, R.M. (1994). Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14 317-31. 

Marrs, T.C., Rice, P., Vale, J.A. (2006). The role of oximes in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in civilian casualties. Toxicol. Rev. 25 297-323. 

Scott, L. (2007). Pretreatment for nerve agent poisoning. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology,... 

Wetherell, J., Price, M., Mumford, H. (2006). A novel approach for medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning in the guinea-pig. Neuro toxicology 27 485-91. 

Sogorb, M.A., Vilanova, E., Carrera, V. (2004). Future applications of phosphotriesterases in the prophylaxis and treatment of organophosporus insecticide and nerve agent poisonings. Toxicol. Lett. 151 219-33. 

These selected representative examples indicate that concentration-time profiles are variable despite common underlying basic chemical reactions of hydrolysis and adduct formation. Despite improving medical treatment of nerve agent poisoning the concurrence of numerous physiological and pathophysiological parameters should be understood. Therefore, establishment of a descriptive and predictive model is of importance for the medical defense of OP compounds. 

Thiermann, H., Szinicz, L., Eyer, P., Felgenhauer, N., Zilker, T., Worek, F. (2007). Lessons to be learnt from OP pesticide poisoning for the treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Toxicology 233 145-54. 

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