Particular risk

P. malariae), P. falciparum is responsible for the most severe form. At particular risk of developing severe malaria-associated pathology are the non-immune, including tourists and, in endemic areas, children and pregnant women during first pregnancy. 

Odds Ratio (OR)—A means of measuring the association between an exposure (such as toxic substances and a disease or condition) which represents the best estimate of relative risk (risk as a ratio of the incidence among subjects exposed to a particular risk factor divided by the incidence among subjects who were not exposed to the risk factor). An odds ratio of greater than 1 is considered to indicate greater risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed. 

Neurotoxic compounds can have behavioral effects in the field (see Chapters 5, 9, and 15), and these may reduce the breeding or feeding snccess of animals and their ability to avoid predation. A number of the examples that follow are of sub-lethal effects of pollutants. The occurrence of sublethal effects in natural populations is intimately connected with the question of persistence. Chemicals with long biological half-lives present a particular risk. The maintenance of substantial levels in individuals, and along food chains, over long periods of time maximizes the risk of sublethal effects. Risks are less with less persistent compounds, which are rapidly... 

Quality limits are often stipulated by laws, regulations, or standards however, they are frequently determined by mutual agreements, too. Considering the particular risks Rm resp. Rc, especially the values a and / have to be reconciled, whereby, in practice, a = fi is often taken as the basis. 

Do organic and low input systems present a particular risk for mycotoxin contamination ... 

Precautions must be taken to prevent contact between people and hot equipment or products. There is a particular risk with concentrated sugar-containing syrups or jam as they not only have a high boiling point but they are by nature sticky and a splash will tend to adhere. 

By using data on population density in the vicinity of the particular risk sources, it is relatively easy to estimate numbers of dead and wounded/affected citizens, and even livestock. 

Investigators such as Slovic, Fischoff and Sandman have studied how people perceive, or feel about, potential threats. Some of the attributes of a particular risk people consider, either explicitly or implicitly, in forming judgments, are the degree to which it... 

Then, too, their reasons for volunteering varied. Since they knew they would possibly receive potent psychoactive drugs, it is likely that most were risk-takers who might also be more likely to suffer future disabling or fatal consequences from other adventurous activities. In particular, risk takers are more inclined to abuse alcohol and other drugs, increasing the probability of... 

Anticholinergic activity Do not use in patients with urinary retention, glaucoma, or myasthenia gravis unless adequate overriding measures are taken. Males with benign prostatic hypertrophy are at particular risk of having urinary retention. In patients with a family history of glaucoma, measure intraocular pressure before... 

Adjunctive treatment with thiazide or loop diuretics in CHF or hypertension to Help restore normal serum potassium in patients who develop hypokalemia on the kaliuretic diuretic prevent hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop (eg, digitalized patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias). 

Sedatives and hypnotics as a group, and BZDs in particular, are frequently implicated in drug-related hospital admissions in the elderly ( 333, 334). This group is at particular risk for abrupt drug discontinuation when hospitalized, with resulting withdrawal symptoms that may be unrecognized as such and attributed to other health problems (313, 335, 336 and 337). BZD hypnotics should not be routinely prescribed in the hospital unless the patient has a demonstrated sleep disorder ( 338). Even then, reassurance that restless sleep is normal in such a situation may obviate the need for a hypnotic ( 330). 

Depending on the purposes of a particular risk assessment, the risk may be expressed in different terms. Common measures include the number of additional cases of cancer, the percentage increase in cancer incidence, the number of additional cancer deaths, or the percentage increase in cancer mortality in a population. The loss of life expectancy in the population (in person-years) or the average loss of life expectancy per capita (in minutes, hours, or days) also are helpful measures, because the term life expectancy conveys the statistical nature of a risk. The number of working days lost (total per population, or average... 

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