Telecommunication

In telecommunications similar requirements are placed on insulation materials in addition to low dielectric losses. Thus, even here fluoropolymers are capable of meeting them. Typical applications are insulations and jackets for wires and cables, tubing, piping, and films. 

3 Areas of Major Corrosion Impact on Electric Utility Systems 

The impact of corrosion on electric utility systems can be divided into the fraction of utility costs for depreciation, operation, and maintenance that are attributable to corrosion. The estimated costs discussed for this sector are based on detailed analysis of facilities and work activities, using input from Duke Power, an energy company serving more than two million people in North and South Carolina and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) reports, technical literature, and other utilities. 

This sector describes the impact of corrosion on the telecommunications infrastructure. Telecommunications hardware consists of switch boards, electronics, computers, data transmitters, and receivers. Delicate electronic components 

Most of the telecommunication hardware is placed and used in buildings and thus not exposed to corrosive atmosphere. In addition, electronic hardware has a limited lifetime and becomes obsolete in a few years. The actual service life of consumer is often limited by rapid technological changes rather than material degradation issues. 

Telecommunication equipment with a longer design life consists of cables, connectors, and antennas for the transmission and reception of electronic signals. These components may be placed and buried so that they become exposed to environments such as soils and water or they may be exposed to air and moisture conditions. There is no report on the percentage of failures because of corrosion for each category. 

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Telecommunications systems will include internal communications within the platforms (telephone, radio, walkie-talkie, air-ground-air, navigation, public address) and external systems (telephone, telex, fax, telemetry, VFIF radio, and possibly satellite links). These systems are designed to handle the day-to-day communications as well as emergency situations. 

The approach of using so-called adaptiv filters which are already widely accepted in telecommunications and have greatly improved the quality of voice transmission seems to be promising as well. 

Our expertise go from aeousties, material charaeteristies, teehnical audits to telecommunications, vibrations monitoring, etc... 

Laborelec is the Belgian laboratory for the electricity industry. It deals with measuring and studying problems arising with the production, transport and distribution of electricity to industrial and private customers. It has developed very diverse domains of expertise, such as acoustics, material characteristics, technical audits to telecommunications, vibrations monitoring, etc... 

Ia early telephoaes, souad (voice) waves caused a carboa microphone s resistance to vary, thus varyiag the current flowing ia a series external circuit. This d-c curreat could thea be used to regeaerate voice waves ia a receiver. Two wires were required to carry a single coaversatioa. With time, telecommunications traffic was eacoded oa a-c carriers, at first usiag ampHtude or frequeacy modulatioa, and more recently pulse code modulation. 

GaUium-based laser diodes have also lost some of the market in telecommunications to indium-based devices. Optical fiber systems moved to the use of longer wavelengths for long distance networks. 

Nevertheless, the market in compact disc equipment is increasing, and computer data storage has expanded rapidly, as well as telecommunication by sateUite and the use of high frequency devices. 

Location of and access to chemical and technical information other than journal articles is avadable through computerized information networks. Electronic bulletin board systems (BBS) provide a telecommunications tool to anyone who has a computer and a modem. Questions can be posted and read by thousands of bulletin board users worldwide, and files and software are easdy transferred from virtually anywhere to one s computer. 

During the early 1970s, the necessary telecommunications technology became available with packet switching. ARPANet, the first operational packet-switched digital communications network, was implemented by the U.S. Department of Defense. Commercial systems (eg. Telenet, TYMNET, and GENet) became available shortiy thereafter. 

Data-Star. This is Europe s leading on-line database service (39) and covers worldwide business news, financial information, market research, trade statistics, business analysis, healthcare / pharmaceuticals, chemicals / petrochemicals, chemical industry, biomedicine /life science, biotechnology, and technology, with an emphasis on Europe. It was originally formed as a joint venture among BRS, Predicasts, and Radio Suisse (the Swiss telecommunications company) (37). Data-Star offers access to about 300 bibliographic, abstract, directory, and fuU-text on-line databases, of which approximately 150 are also available on Dialog (40). 

Each segment of the insulated wire and cable industry has its own set of standards, some of which are quite compHcated because of requirements imposed by specific appHcations and/or environments. The most complex specifications are typically imposed on power cables and telecommunication wires. 

The PVC formulations shown in Table 2 represent typical compounds used by the wine and cable industry. PVC compounders have developed new PVC-based formulations with very good fire and smoke properties (can pass the UL 910 Steiner Tunnel test) that compete with the more expensive fluoropolymers. These can be used in fabricating telecommunication cables usable for plenum area appHcations. 

The most important appHcation of fiber-optic laser-based communication is in long-distance telecommunications (92,93). Fiber-optic systems offer very high capacity, low cost-per-channel, light weight, small size, and immunity to crosstalk and electrical interference. 

In the early 1990s, there were more than 9 x 10 km of fiber-optical telecommunication links in practical use in the United States. In addition, many other countries, notably Canada, Japan, and western Europe, have installed extensive fiber-optic communication systems. There are several transoceanic fiber-based telephone cables. Fibers are in use for intracity telephone links, where bulky copper [7440-50-8] wine is replaced by thin optical fibers. This allows crowded conduits in large cities to carry more messages than if copper wine were used. Fiber optics are used for intercity long-haul telephone links, for interoffice tmnk lines, and have replaced many microwave communication links. 

In summary, laser-based fiber-optic telecommunications has had a revolutionary impact on long-distance telephone communication and is now expanding into many new appHcations areas. 

Ferrite Cores— for Telecommunication and Industrial Fields," TDK Data Book, TDK Electronics Co., Ltd., Skokie, HI., Eeb. 1981. 

CCIR = Internationa Radio Consultative Committee of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). 

Final Acts of the World Administrative Kadio Conference (1979), Vols. I and II, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Dec. 1979. 

The development of computer capabiUties in hardware and software, related instmmentation and control, and telecommunication technology represent an opportunity for improvement in safety (see COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY). Plant operators can be provided with a variety of user-friendly diagnostic aids to assist in plant operations and incipient failure detection. Communications can be more rapid and dependable. The safety control systems can be made even more rehable and maintenance-free. Moreover, passive safety features to provide emergency cooling for both the reactor system and the containment building are being developed. 

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