Optical Communications Fiber

The iavention of the laser ia 1958 prompted the beginning of the story of optical fiber communications. This device was capable of produciag a high iatensity, coherent beam of light which could be modulated at a high rate (see Lasers). StiU, no transmission medium of suitable clarity was available. 

However, optical fiber communications are not useful only for long-distance communication links. Fiber-optic data links are also used in a variety of short-distance systems, for example in computer—computer links and for internal communications on ships and aircraft. Figure 16 shows some possible appHcations for fiber-optic communications, with respect to length and bit rate. The common carrier appHcations, like telephone links. He to the upper right of the dashed line labeled 100 MHzkm. However, a wide variety of other lower performance appHcations, illustrated to the lower left of the dashed line, are in use or under development. 

Lithium Niobate. Lithium niobate [12031 -64-9], LiNbO, is normally formed by reaction of lithium hydroxide and niobium oxide. The salt has important uses in switches for optical fiber communication systems and is the material of choice in many electrooptic appHcations including waveguide modulators and sound acoustic wave devices. Crystals of lithium niobate ate usually grown by the Czochralski method foUowed by infiltration of wafers by metal vapor to adjust the index of refraction. 

Sumetsky, M. Dulashko, Y., Sensing an optical fiber surface by a microfiber with angstrom accuracy, In Optical Fiber Communication conference, Anaheim, 2006... 

The optical fibers connect the two longest links of a typical optical fiber communications system. In brief, an input signal enters an encoder generally in an electrical form with the... 

Y. Suematsu and K. Iga, Introduction to Optical Fiber Communications, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1982), 208 pp. 

H. Yokota, H. Kanamori. Y. Ishiguro, and H. Shinba, Technical Digest of Optical Fibers Conference 86 (Atlanta), Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Washington D.C. (1986), Postdeadline Paper 3. 

M. Kawachi, M. Kobayashi, and T. Miyashita, Proceeding of the European Conference on Optical Fiber Communication 87 (Helsinki), Consulting Committee of the Professional Electroengineers Organization, Helsinki, Finland (1987), p. 53. 

Jones, W.B. Jr. Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Systems, Oxford University Press. Inc., New York, NY, 1995. 

Kazovsky. L., et al. Optical Fiber Communication Systems. Artech House, Inc., Norwood. MA, 1996. 

Nielsen, T.N., et al. 3 28 Tb/s 82 x 40 Gh/s) Transmission Over 3 < 300 km of Nonzero-dispersion Fiber Using Dual C- and L-band Hybrid Raman/Erbium-doped Inline Amplifiers, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, post-deadline paper 29, March 2000. 

It is conceivable that this diverse work on Si quantum dots could soon lead to a new generation of Si/Si].xGex optoelectronic devices at the optical fiber communication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 pm. 

Miihlich, A., et al. First European Conf. on Optical Fiber Communication, IEE, London, Sept. 1975... 

Lanthanides activated luminescent materials are widely used for solid-state lasers, luminescent lamps, flat displays, optical fiber communication systems, and other photonic devices. It is because of the unique solid-state electronic properties that enable lanthanide ions in solids to emit photons efficiently in visible and near IR region. Due to the pioneer work by Dieke, Judd, Wyboume, and others in theoretical and experimental studies of the... 

J. M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983. 

Jones WB (1988) Introduction to optical fiber communication systems. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York... 

Okoshi T, Kikuchi K (1988) Coherent optical fiber communication. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht... 

Sackinger E (2005) Broadband circuits for optical fiber communication. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken... 

Interest in the development of metal-organic precursors for the lanthanide elements is due to the many important apphcations of lanthanide-containing materials. These include erbium-doped semiconductors for use as optical fiber communications, lanthanide-doped GaN for fiiU color displays, high-temperature superconductors, and lanthanide-doped ferroelectric see Ferroelectricity) phases. Despite the importance of these materials, lanthanide film growth precursors... 

K. Inoue, J. Goto, T. Arima, O.Nakamura, T. Akamatsu, Abstr, Int. Conf. Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber Communications, Tokyo, July 1977, p. 387. 

Lenahan, T. A. Taylor, C. R. Smith, J. V. Tech. Digest. Fifth Topical Meeting on Optical Fiber Communication, Phoenix, AZ, Optical Soc. of America/IEEE, April 13-15, 1982, paper WCC6. 

Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. 

Epworth, R. E. Sept. 1978. The Phenomenon of Modal Noise in Analogue and Digital Optical Fiber Communication. Proc. of 4th European Conf. on opt. comm., pp. 492-501. Genoa, Italy. 

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