System-wide Information Management

Yet another component of NextGen is system-wide information management (SWIM). SWIM is a streamlined network over which NextGen information will be exchanged. SWIM will provide secure information-management architectme for sharing national airspace data utilizing off-the-shelf hardware and software. 

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and its collaborators have proposed a system-wide information management (SWIM) architecture www.swim. gov) that will enable collaborative, flexible decision-making for all NAS users it is assumed that all NextGen aircraft will be capable of accurately following planned 4-D trajectories (three-dimensional positions plus times), maintaining separation from other traffic, and sharing pertinent information such as GPS coordinates, traffic alerts, and wind conditions. Protocols for system-wide and aircraft-centric decision making must be established to handle adverse weather conditions, encounters with wake turbulence, and situations in which other aircraft deviate from their expected routes. 

Analysis of the concept of SWIM (System Wide Information Management) enable to confirm that its implementation will require changes in current architecture "point - point" type in area of exchange of information. It is assumed that entities may be geographically dispersed, but should have a vahd and uniform information necessary to carry ont tasks in specific areas of competence. The figures 1 and 2 show the current structure of the exchange of data (point - point) and a proposal for the future (eg. SWIM). 

Technical infrastracture SWIM-TI (System Wide Information Management - Technical hdrastracture) interferes with the termination of the services rendered under the ATM systems supported hy SWIM solutions, ensuring their productivity and increasing efficiency and safety. S3istems that interact with SWIM cooperate with services specific to ATM systems, and their cooperation is supported by technical solutions offered by SWIM. 

The detailed analysis, involving many respondents inside and outside the company, led to changes in the overall innovation process, ie, a company-wide priority system for innovation projects, measures of innovation for each functional and business area, training and supportive management systems for project managers, informal multifunctional teams in concept development and market development, a stmctured needs identification process, and appointment of a process steward to monitor the innovation process, measure how it functions, and coordinate innovation projects. 

All that changed in 1992 when Waters introduced its revolutionary new CDS product Millennium . This was the first commercially available CDS to use an embedded relational database (Oracle) to manage all aspects of the system. System security, user privileges, method versions and their respective results were all managed by the database. While this technology was new to CDS, it had been widely used by the Faboratory Information Management System (FIMS) market. All of the... 

HasweU and Barclay [3] have described a microwave system coupled to an atomic absorption detection system for the analysis of sludges and soils. A major constraint at the present time is that the preferred operation of these types of systems is for sample matrices to be closely matched. A widely varying sample, which exhibits different heating characteristics, wiU either show up as an invaHd result or the time required to cope with this procedure for aU the samples wiU greatly extend the on-Hne analyses time scales. As more of these instrumental systems become Hnked to laboratory information management systems, it wiU become feasible to interact between the control database and the instrumentation so that each sample is treated in an appropriate manner and the optimum time frame is selected for each sample type. When new samples are analysed, the steps could be monitored so that the required time scales are obtained and then stored for future reference. 

The Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) has achieved wide recognition as a powerful tool for increasing the productivity and quality of service of the analytical laboratory. Systems have been developed that range from inexpensive microcomputer based systems to half-million dollar or more large, minicomputer based systems. In addition, many firms have already developed or acquired custom systems tailored to their specific needs(1-8). 

In order to ensure that the results of the aforementioned characterization and evaluation activities are readily available to potential users, genebanks usually manage this type of information in comprehensive germplasm information management systems that can be assessed through the internet. The CGIAR Centres have jointly established a system-wide genetic resources information... 

Databases are used widely in commercial applications and have become the foundation of modern data processing. Various bibliographic, financial and chemical reference databases are perhaps the most familiar to scientists at this time. However, the proliferation of Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) makes analytical laboratory databases accessible to most laboratory personnel. Such databases store analytical data and scientific information from which a variety of documents and reports are generated. 

Many issues stiU remain to be resolved in the field of microchip-based SP synthesis. While the reactors can be heated or cooled, a reliable and, possibly, independent temperature control over the wide range of temperature often required in organic synthesis is still problematic. The creation of parallel analytical techniques able to monitor the reactions and determine the strucmres without consuming most of the Ubrary individuals is awaited, and poor solubility of reagents in the reaction mixtures can compromise the quality of the whole synthesis. It is also clear that the information management of a massive parallel system (> 100,000 individuals) where any compound or monomer addition is automatically tracked represents a major task. Nevertheless, this represents an important avenue of research for the future (203), and technological improvements will probably allow the evenmal construction of reliable and flexible microchip-based Ubrary synthesis equipment. 

Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) are widely used in the laboratories of pharmaceuticals and related industries. LIMS is typically based on client server technology supported by a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) as a storage repository (see Figure 21.1). They can be used to manage and process large amounts of electroiuc analysis data locally within a laboratory or company-wide between sites. 

This rule has wide applicability across the pharmaceutical analysis area, in that if any computerised equipment generates data that may be used in support of regulatory filings or pharmaceutical manufacture, compliance with the rule is mandatory. This includes stand-alone equipment such as HPLCs, etc., although primary target for regulatory scrutiny would be laboratory information management systems (LIMS) and data acquisition systems. 

Berners-Lee approached his manager Mike Sendall for permission to develop his idea. He was told to write a proposal for the project. This was finished in March 1989 and was entitled Information Management A Proposal. The proposal was not initially greeted with great enthusiasm, but eventually Berners-Lee was given permission to develop the system, and a NeXT computer was purchased to assist in its development. Work commenced in October 1990. At this point the system was christened The World Wide Web. At around the same time the original... 

At the heart of CORIE are three integrated components (Fig. 3) a real-time observation system (Section III), a modeling system (Section IV), and an information management and visualization system (Section V). These three systems combine to automatically generate an array of pri-maiy products, including time-sensitive displays of sensor data and of computer forecasts, which are often openly distributed through the World Wide Web (henceforth, web). Data from sensors and models are also processed in customized fashion, either on- or off-line, for particular scientific, management, or operational applications (Section VI). 

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