Technology improvements

This justifies all the work undertaken to arrive at fuel denitrification which, as is well known, is difficult and costly. Moreover, technological improvements can bring considerable progress to this field. That is the case with low NO burners developed at IFF. These consist of producing separated flame jets that enable lower combustion temperatures, local oxygen concentrations to be less high and a lowered fuel s nitrogen contribution to NOj. formation. In a well defined industrial installation, the burner said to be of the low NO type can attain a level of 350 mg/Nm, instead of the 600 mg/Nm with a conventional burner. 

Calculations at the 6-31G and 6-31G level provide, in many cases, quantitative results considerably superior to those at the lower STO-3G and 3-21G levels. Even these basis sets, however, have deficiencies that can only be remedied by going to triple zeta (6-31IG basis sets in HyperChem) or quadruple zeta, adding more than one set of polarization functions, adding f-type functions to heavy atoms and d-type functions to hydrogen, improving the basis function descriptions of inner shell electrons, etc. As technology improves, it will be possible to use more and more accurate basis sets. 

The diverse nature of the cyanoacrylate adhesives appHcations illustrates vividly that there is no truly typical appHcation. The number of appHcations ia which these adhesives are used is being expanded daily as technological improvements continue to broaden their capabiUties. 

Produced from Biomass. Estimates for methanol produced from biomass indicate (11) that these costs are higher than those of methanol produced from coal. Barring substantial technological improvements, methanol produced from biomass does not appear to be competitive. 

R. C. Schulz, G. J. Thompson, and H. C. Ward, "Cumene Technology Improvements," AlCHE Summer National Meeting, Denver, Colo., Aug. 21-24, 1988. 

As a general rule, there is an economic break-even point at ca 0.08 mm, which coincides with the defined difference between film and sheet. Film is made mote economically by the bubble method and sheet by the tenter-frame method. The exact thickness for break-even depends on technological improvements, which can be made in both processes, in the degree of control used in regulating them and in quaUty requirements. 

R. C. Schul2 and co-workers, "Cumene Technology Improvements," paper presented by UOP at the HIChE Summer Meeting Denver, Colo., 1988. 

If the surge is very steep, say, with a front time of 0.2 jjs. or less, and the cable length is short, say, lO m (presumed), it may inflict all its severity to only the entrance coil of the machine and sometimes even only a few entrance turns of this coil. However, with the technological improve-ment of switching devices, the arc prestrikes are now less predominant or non-existent and hence, the switching surge may not be as steep as described here. 

The resistance method gives an average temperature of the whole winding. Some parts will be hotter than others usually the end turns will be somewhat cooler than parts of the winding in the middle of the iron core. NEMA committee members have been collecting test data on many machines to determine the correlation between temperature measurements by detector and by resistance, and the standards are periodically updated to reflect any of the technology improvements. 

Quality, service, cost, and technology are not mutually exclusive. One can t distinguish between a quality improvement and a service or technology improvement. It was necessary only to mention quality and cost, as an improvement in service must be an improvement in either the quality or cost of the service - all other factors come within the definition of quality. Improvements in technology are also improvements in quality or cost. Such improvements may improve the quality of design, quality of conformance, or quality of use (see Part 1 Chapter 1 under Quality parameters) or may cause a reduction in cost while not providing any change in product or service characteristics. 

In sum, for appliances, energy efficiency technology improvements are not always adopted even after they become well understood and technology changes do not necessarily lead to improved energy efficiency. 

Tamborski, G. A., Magnabosco, L. M., Powell, J. W., and Yoo, J. S., Catalyst Technology Improvements Make SO, Emissions Control Affordable, presented at Katalistiks 6th Annual FCC Symposium, Munich, Germany, May 22-23, 1985. 

Modem processing of tantalum and niobium metals and their compounds is related to the treatment of fluoride compounds. Hence, successful technological improvements, the development of novel methods and the manufacturing of high-grade products depend on the application of technological achievements in the area of fluorine chemistry. 

As a result of further technological improvements and decreasing costs, the use of microarrays will become an essential and potentially routine tool in understanding the mechanistic basis of action of many diugs. 

It Is now a relatively straightforward matter to analyze commercial pesticide mixtures for nitrosamlne contamination as part of the normal quality control process (2.18). and, as Illustrated above, some of the major contamination problems have begun to be solved by means of technological Improvements. If further research brings about the circumstance In which there Is no detectable N-nItroso compound In any pesticide sold an here, will that mean that pesticide use Is safe from nitrosamlne-formatlon problems I believe that considerably more research must be done before a responsible answer to this question can be given. To elaborate on this position, let me focus on the herbicides for a moment. 

Fink G, Miihlhaupt R, Brintzinger HH (eds) (1995) Ziegler catalysts recent scientific innovations and technological improvements. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

Having established that waste is an inevitable product of any real process, one consequence of increased efficiency, and the associated reduced cost, can be greater demand and turnover. The benefits of technological improvements will be offset (and possibly completely eliminated) by greater product volume. Other strategies of addressing the problem of waste thus need to be developed. We can now address the first question posed above. 

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