Development concept

Oka et al., Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors, 

The thermal hydraulics group in the Naka Fusion Institute of IAEA has a test loop of supercritical pressure water (see Fig. 1.64). An annular flow test section with a heater rod and a seven-rod bundle test sectimi are installed into the test loop 

To potentially replace the need for large scale experiments to develop fuel btmdles in future R D work, the three-dimensional CFD code ACE-3D, developed by IAEA based on the two-fluid model for BWR conditions, was modified to handle supercritical pressure fluid in the fuel bundle geometries. The heat transfer experiments by Kyushu University with HCFC22 and by JAEA with water were analyzed for its validation [31-36]. Also the three-dimensional model of this code for the fuel btmdles was combined with the one-dimensional model for future applications to plant system analyses. 

The Super LWR and Super FR may be operated at subcritical pressure during startup if the sliding pressure startup scheme is chosen. Also, the pressure decreases from supercritical to subcritical at depressurization events such as a LOCA. The CHF and the post boiling transition (post-BT) heat transfer are important, especially just below the critical pressure because the CHF, the enthalpy of the CHF conditicMi and the post-BT heat transfer coefficient are all substantially smaller than those at a 

The critical flow from supercritical pressure fluid is not well known, and there is no correlation or database. Critical flow tests were done by Kyushu University using another typical Freon gas, HCFC123. 

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This method utilizes essentially the concept developed by Fitzer in 1955. According to the principle of three-parameter corresponding states, the compressibility factor z, for a fluid of acentric factor w, is obtained by interpolating between the compressibilities Zj and Z2 for the two fluids having acentric factors w, and (p -... 

The PSP-4 includes an interface for scanners, designed for use with the modular scanner concept developed at FORCE Institute. The system supports scanners ranging from simple X-Y scanners to complex scanners, and multi axes robots. 

Much of the previous section dealt with two-level systems. Real molecules, however, are not two-level systems for many purposes there are only two electronic states that participate, but each of these electronic states has many states corresponding to different quantum levels for vibration and rotation. A coherent femtosecond pulse has a bandwidth which may span many vibrational levels when the pulse impinges on the molecule it excites a coherent superposition of all tliese vibrational states—a vibrational wavepacket. In this section we deal with excitation by one or two femtosecond optical pulses, as well as continuous wave excitation in section A 1.6.4 we will use the concepts developed here to understand nonlinear molecular electronic spectroscopy. 

The nonbonding electrons of the nitrogen atom are important in determining spin re-pairing, and thus the conical intersections. This is the physical origin of the topicity concept developed by Salem and co-workers [2,30]. Two different spin... 

The following example illustrates some of the concepts developed in this section. 

Answers to the first question can be illustrated by giving some examples (see Table 1). Eastman Chemical reengineered its innovation process and doubled the value of its R D portfoho (71—74). A team at Eastman was asked to provide (/) an assessment of the then-current innovation process, (2) a vision of the ideal process, (J) a flow chart of the modified process, (4) measures of the process, and (5) key roles and responsibihties. The team identified four main subprocesses needs identification, concept development, implementation, and market development. 

The detailed analysis, involving many respondents inside and outside the company, led to changes in the overall innovation process, ie, a company-wide priority system for innovation projects, measures of innovation for each functional and business area, training and supportive management systems for project managers, informal multifunctional teams in concept development and market development, a stmctured needs identification process, and appointment of a process steward to monitor the innovation process, measure how it functions, and coordinate innovation projects. 

Process. synthesis. Concept development, construction of flowsheets for new processes, and redesign or modification of existing process flowsheets. 

In the concepts developed above, we have used the kinematic approximation, which is valid for weak diffraction intensities arising from imperfect crystals. For perfect crystals (available thanks to the semiconductor industry), the diffraction intensities are large, and this approximation becomes inadequate. Thus, the dynamical theory must be used. In perfect crystals the incident X rays undergo multiple reflections from atomic planes and the dynamical theory accounts for the interference between these reflections. The attenuation in the crystal is no longer given by absorption (e.g., p) but is determined by the way in which the multiple reflections interfere. When the diffraction conditions are satisfied, the diffracted intensity ft-om perfect crystals is essentially the same as the incident intensity. The diffraction peak widths depend on 26 m and Fjjj and are extremely small (less than... 

In principle GD-MS is very well suited for analysis of layers, also, and all concepts developed for SNMS (Sect. 3.3) can be used to calculate the concentration-depth profile from the measured intensity-time profile by use of relative or absolute sensitivity factors [3.199]. So far, however, acceptance of this technique is hesitant compared with GD-OES. The main factors limiting wider acceptance are the greater cost of the instrument and the fact that no commercial ion source has yet been optimized for this purpose. The literature therefore contains only preliminary results from analysis of layers obtained with either modified sources of the commercial instrument [3.200, 3.201] or with homebuilt sources coupled to quadrupole [3.199], sector field [3.202], or time-of-flight instruments [3.203]. To summarize, the future success of GD-MS in this field of application strongly depends on the availability of commercial sources with adequate depth resolution comparable with that of GD-OES. 

According to this concept, the aldol condensation normally occurs through a chairlike transition state. It is further assumed that the stmcture of this transition state is sufficiently similar to that of chair cyclohexane to allow the conformational concepts developed for cyclohexane derivatives to be applied. Thus, in the example above, the reacting aldehyde is shown with R rather than H in the equatorial-like position. The differences in stability of the various transition states, and therefore the product ratios, are governed by the steric interactions between substituents. 

It has been a persistent characteristic of shock-compression science that the first-order picture of the processes yields readily to solution whereas second-order descriptions fail to confirm material models. For example, the high-pressure, pressure-volume relations and equation-of-state data yield pressure values close to that expected at a given volume compression. Mechanical yielding behavior is observed to follow behaviors that can be modeled on concepts developed to describe solids under less severe loadings. Phase transformations are observed to occur at pressures reasonably close to those obtained in static compression. 

The standard requires systems to be in place to ensure management of appropriate activities during concept development, prototype, and production according to customer advanced product quality planning and control plan manual or project management manual. 

What system is used for managing the concept development, prototype, and production phases ... 

For the remainder of this book, fiber-reinforced composite laminates will be emphasized. The fibers are long and continuous as opposed to whiskers. The concepts developed herein are applicable mainly to fiber-reinforced composite laminates, but are also valid for other laminates and whisker composites with some fairly obvious modifications. That is, fiber-reinforced composite laminates are used as a uniform example throughout this book, but concepts used to analyze their behavior are often applicable to other forms of composite materials. In many Instances, the applicability will be made clear as an example complementary to the principal example of fiber-reinforced composite laminates. 

The analytical tools to accomplish laminate design are at least twofold. First, the invariant laminate stiffness concepts developed by Tsai and Pagano [7-16 and 7-17] used to vary laminate stiffnesses. Second, structural optimization techniques as described by Schmit [7-12] can be used to provide a decision-making process for variation of iami-nate design parameters. This duo of techniques is particularly well suited to composite structures design because the simultaneous possibility and necessity to tailor the material to meet structural requirements exists to a degree not seen in isotropic materials. 

General van Riper, during the time when he was Commanding General at the Marine Corps Concept Development Command at Quantico, VA, (1994-1996), approached CNA with an idea for a study that asked. What do all of these new ideas I ve been hearing about - nonlinearity, complexity, complex adaptive systems - have to do with combat Since many at CNA knew of my deep interest in the subject, I was soon asked to direct a project addressing this question a project that has since spawned a follow-on multi-year effort sponsored by the Office of Naval Research to develop an artificial-life model of combat. To say that Lt.Gen van Riper s appear-... 

The investigation of PCSs was based upon the theoretical prerequisites of the conjugation concept. This concept, developed on the basis of theoretical analysis and experimental studies of the properties of compounds with low molecular weights, has played an essential role in the progress of our understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, structure, and the reactivity of substances. 

Hilbert Space and Quantum Mechanics.—In this section we shall express the fundamental postulates of quantum mechanics in terms of the concepts developed in the previous sections. 

R. Wisnieff D. Longo, Laser Cartridge Concept Development Study , Rept No ECOM-74-0376-F, Contract DAAB07-74-C-0376, United Technologies Corp, Norwalk (1976)... 

The properties of barrier layers, oxides in particular, and the kinetic characteristics of diffusion-controlled reactions have been extensively investigated, notably in the field of metal oxidation [31,38]. The concepts developed in these studies are undoubtedly capable of modification and application to kinetic studies of reactions between solids where the rate is determined by reactant diffusion across a barrier layer. 

Electrode potentials are customarily tabulated on the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) scale (although the SHE is never actually used experimentally because it is inconvenient in many respects). Therefore, conversion of potentials into the UHV scale requires the determination of E°(H+/H2) vs. UHV. According to the concepts developed above, such a potential would measure the energy of electrons in the Pt wire of the hydrogen electrode, modified by the contact with the solution. 

This section is based on concepts developed by Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1874-1878 [see also Guggenheim (1933) and Delahay (1965)]. 

A large number of considerations and factors must be entertained for the conception, development, preparation, assessment, characterization, and certification of RMs, including (a) end use requirements, (b) selection of materials, (c) preparation, (d) physical characterization, (e) chemical characterization, (f) certification, (g) documentation, and (h) distribution. Most of these have an overwhelming impact on the finally developed RM and on its credibility. This section deals with the steps, collectively denoted as collection and preparation, occurring early in the scheme of RM development. It treats general collection and preparation principles, and provides specific examples of preparative procedures. 

All of the discussion in this chapter has so far related to binary or ternary systems. It will most often be the case that systems involving azeotropic behavior will also be multicomponent. The concepts developed here for ternary... 

Another determination theory for flow patterns was suggested by Beattie (1983), based on the extrapolation to two-phase flows of concepts developed in... 

The product temperatures were -21.2°C for KC1 and -31.0°C for povidone. The arrows mark the values of the vapor pressure of ice at the operating temperatures. The normalized dried product resistances increase smoothly with pressure as the vapor pressure of ice is approached and exceeded. Thus, the sublimation rate decreases smoothly throughout this pressure range and does not drop to zero at a total system pressure which exceeds the vapor pressure of ice. This observation is completely consistent with the theoretical concepts developed... 

Many individuals played instrumental roles in the conception, development, and completion of Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness. This enterprise was challenging, and the editors received help from many. We are delighted to acknowledge some of them here. 

Considerable progress has been made on C02 fixation in photochemical reduction. The use of Re complexes as photosensitizers gave the best results the reduction product was CO or HCOOH. The catalysts developed in this field are applicable to both the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of C02. Basic concepts developed in the gas phase reduction of C02 with H2 can also be used. Furthermore, electrochemical carboxyla-tion of organic molecules such as olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkyl halides in the presence of C02 is also an attractive research subject. Photoinduced and thermal insertion of C02 using organometallic complexes has also been extensively examined in recent years. 

Illustrations 5.3 and 5.4 indicate how one utilizes the concepts developed in this section in the determination of kinetic parameters for competitive parallel reactions. 

Each of the individual CSTR s that make up the cascade can be analyzed using the techniques and concepts developed in Section 8.3.1. The present section indicates how one may manipulate the key relations developed earlier to obtain equations that simplify the analysis of a cascade of ideal CSTR s. 

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