Heat characteristics

Overload Protection Overload relays lor protecting motor insulation against excessive temperature are located either in the motor control or in the motor itsell. The most common method is to use thermal overciirrent relays in the starter. These relays have heating characteristics similar to those ol the motor which they are intended to protect. Either motor current or a current proportional to motorline current passes through the relays so that relay heating is comparable to motor heating. 

Microwave (dielectric) heating in solution may distinguish three situations, which determine heating characteristics ... 

The heating characteristics of a particular material (for example, a solvent) under microwave irradiation conditions are dependent on the dielectric properties of the material. The ability of a specific substance to convert electromagnetic energy into heat at a given frequency and temperature is determined by the so-called loss tangent, tan <5. The loss factor is expressed as the quotient tan (3 = "/ , where e" is the dielectric loss, indicative of the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation is... 

HasweU and Barclay [3] have described a microwave system coupled to an atomic absorption detection system for the analysis of sludges and soils. A major constraint at the present time is that the preferred operation of these types of systems is for sample matrices to be closely matched. A widely varying sample, which exhibits different heating characteristics, wiU either show up as an invaHd result or the time required to cope with this procedure for aU the samples wiU greatly extend the on-Hne analyses time scales. As more of these instrumental systems become Hnked to laboratory information management systems, it wiU become feasible to interact between the control database and the instrumentation so that each sample is treated in an appropriate manner and the optimum time frame is selected for each sample type. When new samples are analysed, the steps could be monitored so that the required time scales are obtained and then stored for future reference. 

Heating characteristics of the sterilizer, product carrier system, and the sterilization medium employed... 

To evaluate the heating characteristics of the tunnel, carrier system, and sterilization medium employed under loaded conditions... 

To evaluate the heating characteristics of items within the tunnel when subjected to the sterilization medium... 

To evaluate the relative heating characteristics of items and reference thermocouples where applicable... 

It is generally assumed that the physical properties of the material system remain unaltered in the course of the process. Process equations, e.g., the heat characteristics of a mixing vessel or a smooth straight pipe... 

As can be seen from the data presented in Fig. 6.1, the heating profile of the preswollen resin is significantly enhanced in comparison to both the neat toluene and the dry resin samples. Of course, the swelling of the resin is a very important consideration, especially where a polar resin is being used because the charge distribution between the two phases will be enhanced (see later). This causes a difference in the sample s internal electric gradient that will affect the power absorption and ultimately the samples heating characteristics. 

The sterilization process time is determined from the design F value and the product heat transfer data. The sterilization cycle design must be based on the heating characteristics of the load and of containers located in the slowest heating zone of the load. The variation in the rate of heating of the slowest heating zone must be known, so this variation must be determined under fully loaded conditions. The effect of load-to-load variation on the time-temperature profile must also be determined. Then, the statistically worst-case conditions should be used in the final sterilization process design. 

It is noteworthy that the transition from large to small ignition parameter a transition is practically complete from Nu 10 1 to Nu 10, and that the transition occurs when a is nearly unity. Both these results, because of their simplicity and because of the fact that they can be generalized to all competing processes, are very useful in understanding the results of the effects of competing processes—in this instance, the adiabatic reactiongenerated heat characteristic time to the total heat-removal characteristic time. The... 

The hazard involved in generalization with regard to thermal pretreatment conditions is further emphasized by the immersion heat characteristics of Silica SL. This material is characterized by a decreasing immersion heat over a very wide range of outgassing conditions. The maximum immersion heat is obtained follow-... 

True Same chemical Unique Diffraction Characteristic Unique Chemical Unique mp, heat Characteristic indices... 

The modified nonadiabatic method described for the determination of the spontaneous combustion liability of subbituminous coals can yield satisfactory results. However, a more realistic measurement of a coal s self-heating tendency might be obtained through the use of an adiabatic system. In this case, heat derived from the coal oxidation would not be transferred to the surroundings. A spontaneous combustion instrument intended for field or lab/mine applications should be less complex, yet it should be capable of producing data that is reasonably accurate for predicting the self-heating characteristics of coals. 

If the points do not fall on a straight line, it suggests that the furnace heating characteristics changed during the time that the measurements were taken, and the sample must be re-analyzed. 

NMR Apparatus. NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian A-60 equipped with a Varian V-6040 variable temperature controller and probe. Scans were made at 7-second intervals. Care was taken to avoid radiofrequency saturation of the proton resonance. The temperatures at the beginning and end of the runs were determined in the standard manner from the chemical shift of the two ethylene glycol peaks. Calibration of the heating characteristics of the apparatus as a function of time, heater current, and temperature was carried out prior to the triglyceride spectra determinations with the ethylene glycol peaks. Knowing heater current and time elapsed from the onset of heating permitted temperatures to be determined to ztl°C. in 10 trial runs. 

Figure 72 Heating characteristics of (A) the inner wall of a pyrolytically coated graphite tube, (B) a L vov platform, and (C) the inner surface of a solid sampling cup. (Adapted from U. Vdllkopf, Z. Grobenski, R. Tamm, and B. Welz, Analyst (London), 1985, 110, 573)...

This project evaluated the heating characteristics of infrared energy from a quartz-halogen lamp (maximum output at 0.89 m) on some colored polymers. 

Wu, Z.H., Mujumdar, A.S., Liu, X.D., and Yang, L., Flow and heat characteristics under an impinging pulse combustor tailpipe exhausL Proceedings of Asia Pacific Drying Conference ADC2005, Kolkata, India, 2005, pp. 670-684. 

Titanium Nitride (TiN) and Titanium (Ti) are the metals that are investigated as possible candidates for electrode arrays with Aluminium (Al) been used in our experiments for comparison purposes. Al which is being widely used in microelectronic industry as an interconnect, shows lower resistivity when combined with TiN. All of the measurements performed in the experimental setup are done on the same type of test die. There are four batches of this die, all of them are processed with different metals Al, TiN, Ti and one has aluminium covered with titanium nitride (Al-TiN). Following sections will provide you details about the experiments performed with the experimental setup on these materials and the results thereafter. Section 5.1 goes into detail about this test die. The test die was subjected to several tests and measurements the impedance of the different materials, the self-heating characteristics, the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), electromigration and endurance in a saline solution have all been measured out of which Electromigration, TCR and Impedance will be explained in detail in the later sections. 

---