Massively parallel

V. E. Taylor, R. L. Stevens and K. E. Arnold, Parallel molecular dynamics Communication requirements for massively parallel machines , Proc. Frontiers... 

The massively parallel approach adopted in the Connection Machine has been termed data parallel. Whereas a uniprocessor must sequentially step through large amounts of data, a data parallel machine moves processors to the data. Aggregate memory to processor bandwidth in the Connection Machine is more than 700 megabytes per second. 

These codes have stressed the current supercomputer, whether it was the CDC 6600 in the 1970s, the Grays in the 1980s, or the massively parallel computers of the 1990s. Multimillion cell calculations are routinely performed at Sandia National Laboratories with the CTH [1], [2] code, yet... 

C.T. Vaughan, Structural Analysis on Massively Parallel Computers, SAND90-1706C, Sandia National Laboratories Report, Albuquerque, NM 87185, 1991. 

The numerical solution of these equations is not trivial, since for reasonably low viscosities the flow becomes turbulent. A popular method of treating these equations (together with the equations of energy and mass conservation) is the MAC method [156,157]. For the case of immiscible fluids or moving internal interface a phase-field-type approach seems to be successful [78,158,159]. Because of the enormous requirements of computing ressources the development in this field is still relatively slow. We expect, however, an impact from the more widespread availability of massively parallel computers in the near future. 

Over the past 15-20 years, the advances in numerical simulation of turbulent combustion have been more or less driven by the increase in computational power and the development of massively parallel computing, which have very good chances to continue. 

The hardware situation continued to evolve. Personal computers became ever more powerful in terms of speed and the amount of random access memory (RAM) and hard drive capacity. The price of PCs continued to fall. Clusters of PCs were built. Use of the open-source Linux operating system spread in the 1990s. Distributed processing was developed so a long calculation could be farmed out to separate machines. Massively parallel processing was tried. All these changes meant that the days of the supercomputers were numbered. 

Lenhert, S., Sun, P., Wang, Y, Fichs, H. and Mirkin, C. A. (2007) Massively parallel dip-pen nanohthography of heterogeneous supported phospholipid multilayer patterns. Small, 3, 71-75. 

Screening groups have experimented with several different solvent systems for manipulating and storing compounds. Solubilization of compounds in an organic solvent converts dry powders, oils and gums into liquids with more uniform properties that can be more readily and quantitatively transferred from container to container in massively parallel fashion with automated precision pipettors. Once... 

A number of developments have increased the importance of capillary electrophoretic methods relative to pumped column methods in analysis. Interactions of analytes with the capillary wall are better understood, inspiring the development of means to minimize wall effects. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been standardized to the point of being useful as a routine technique. Incremental improvements in column coating techniques, buffer preparation, and injection techniques, combined with substantive advances in miniaturization and detection have potentiated rugged operation and high capacity massive parallelism in analysis. 

Monolithic columns, formed from the co-polymerization of divinylbenzene and vinylbenzyl chloride or styrene, were observed to be resistant to bubble formation.11 Application of pressure in electrochromatography, discussed below, also reduces bubble formation. A massively parallel detector capable of scanning up to 1000 capillaries using planar confocal fluorescence has been used for DNA sequencing.1213 Recovery of fluorescence following pho-tobleaching has been used to measure DNA mobility in agarose gel.14... 

Carpenter, G. A., and Grossberg, S., A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine, Comput. Vis. Graphics Image Process 37,54 (1987b). 

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