Time Sensitivity

Equipment—client may not have the equipment required to manufacture a specific product. It may be that available capital and installation time are limited such that they simply can not design, acquire, install and test the process equipment to reach the desired capacity within the available budget and time. If a product is in the early stages of its life cycle, the capital required may be hard to justify. This could be based upon the low initial volume anticipated while developing the market or the need to take advantage of a time-sensitive business opportunity. Tolling can provide a means to safely produce introductoiy, short-term, or small volume products that would otherwise be uneconomic. 

Tumor Type Percent of Tumors Approximate Cell Doubling Time Sensitivity to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Relative Risk of Metastasis... 

Despite a mass of research activity in evolutionary computation (EC), activity that has led to solid theoretical results and realistic applications, there are still a number of perennial irritations that almost all EC techniques suffer from. First, the serious computational cost of evaluating numerous potential solutions (or individuals), over hundreds of iterations (or generations), places pragmatic and sometimes formal limitations on the use of EC in real-world applications with time-sensitive outputs, such as online multiprocessor scheduling. This real limitation deters many potential users from using or even considering the use of EC in heavy-duty engineering and scientific applications. 

The properties of a pH electrode are characterized by parameters like linear response slope, response time, sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility/accuracy, stability and biocompatibility. Most of these properties are related to each other, and an optimization process of sensor properties often leads to a compromised result. For the development of pH sensors for in-vivo measurements or implantable applications, both reproducibility and biocompatibility are crucial. Recommendations about using ion-selective electrodes for blood electrolyte analysis have been made by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) [37], IUPAC working party on pH has published IUPAC s recommendations on the definition, standards, and procedures... 

Wells are purged until stable readings are obtained for field chemical parameters including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, redox and electrical conductivity. Samples are then collected for a wide variety of chemical parameters. Time sensitive parameters are analyzed within specific holding times. For example, alkalinity and hydrogen sulphide are measured at the time of sampling, iodide... 

Noise is a purely local and very time-sensitive phenomenon, and is most relevant in urban areas and at night-time. Noise at night-time is perceived at roughly twice the... 

The collection of physical evidence is not generally considered time sensitive however, site characterization and sampling activities are time sensitive due to the public health implications of contaminated environmental media air, water, and/or soil. Thus, collection of environmental media samples may precede collection of physical evidence, and care must be taken not to disturb the crime scene while performing these activities. If samples can be collected outside of the boundaries of the suspected crime scene, this may avoid concerns about the integrity of the crime scene. 

As mentioned earlier, the response of each protein will vary. This is especially apparent with colorimetric assays or derivatization methods requiring a chemical reaction. These protein-to-protein reactivity differences mean that a protein assay suitable for one protein may not be suitable for another. Even for a given protein and a specific protein determination method, results may still vary based on limitations of the assay. Methods requiring extensive sample preparation including protein concentration, buffer exchange, and time-sensitive reactions are liable to be less reproducible than direct measurement techniques, which have fewer variable parameters. The application will determine the suitability of the method. 

At this point it is important to mention that the experimental setup used for luminescence decay-time measurements is similar to that of Figure 1.8, although the light source must be pulsed (alternatively, a pulsed laser can be used) and the detector must be connected to a time-sensitive system, such as an oscilloscope, a multichannel analyzer, or a boxcar integrator (see Chapter 2). 

When time-dependent signals are to be measured by a photomultiplier, the time sensitivity is usually limited by the inhomogeneous transit time. The transit time is the time taken by electrons generated in the cathode to arrive at the anode. If all of the emitted electrons had the same transit time, then the current induced in the anode would display the same time dependence as the incoming light, but delayed in time. However, not all of the electrons have the same transit time. This produces some uncertainty in the time taken by electrons to arrive at the anode. There are two main causes of this dispersion ... 

Detection If a small capillary diameter is desired for efficiency purposes, the detection part of the capillary can be adapted for better detection sensitivity. Examples are the bubble cell capillary and the Z-cell. In the bubble cell capillary, the capillary diameter is enlarged at the detection window so that better concentration sensitivity is obtained. If you implement a bubble cell capillary in your pharmaceutical analysis method, it is important to test different batches. Test also whether you need a bubble cell capillary or whether you can gain similar sensitivity increase with a proper injection procedure. Also, check the effect of the bubble cell on band broadening. An approximately three-times sensitivity enhancement is possible. 

Plan for evidence identification, preservation, and collection including special handling of time sensitive material such as query control system logs... 

Evidence that is less time sensitive and within facility boundaries is second priority. Plant personnel can better control such evidence. Nonetheless, evidence may be spread over a large area, and all personnel within the plant must be instructed on the proper manner to communicate the location of evidence for collection by a trained team. 

The fragility of the five data types will depend on the specific circumstances of the incident. It is not possible to offer a prescribed priority. In general, historical paper data such as procedures, maintenance records, and drawings are less fragile than people and physical data. The team should identify time-sensitive data as one of its first tasks, prioritize the data, and implement measures to collect or preserve the data. 

Some examples of time-sensitive data are outlined below. 

Time sensitive evidence is a high priority. Gathering evidence that might deteriorate with time should be a high priority. 

Miller and co-workers have reported the use of thiazolylalanine-derived catalyst 65 to render the aldehyde-imine cross-coupling enantioselective [56]. The authors comment on the time sensitivity of this transformation and found that racemization occurs when the reaction goes to complete conversion. Electron-deficient aldehydes are the most efficient couphng partners for various tosylamides leading to the corresponding products 66, 68, and 69 (Scheme 8). 

Nedelkov, D., Rasooly, A., and Nelson, R. W. (2000). Multitoxin biosensor-mass spectrometry analysis A new approach for rapid, real-time, sensitive analysis of staphylococcal toxins in food. Int.. Food Microbiol. 60,1-13. 

Because decontamination occurs after buildings have been evacuated and first responders have treated any casualties, it allows for some time lapse before decontamination begins. With some planning, damage can be minimized and the efficacy of the decontamination process can be maximized. For example, sensitive equipment, electronics, valuable artwork, and personal objects will require chemicals that are less harsh than those used to clean air ducts and walls. The lack of time sensitivity also allows the choice of a decontaminant that may have a longer reaction time, but that is more suitable for the surface or the ambient conditions suoh as humidity and temperature. Thus, it is best to obtain a suite of deoontamination methods. 

Pai Vernekar and Patil [264] and Shanguan et al. [265] reported synthesis and characterization of NHN. Its important attributes are (i) easily prepared from cheap and readily available raw materials (ii) hydrolytically and thermally stable (iii) less sensitive to impact (h50% 84cm), friction (insensitive up to ION) and electrostatic discharge but at the same time, sensitive to flash, flame and hot wire ... 

Often, the best examples of process efficiency can be found outside the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. Other fields such as electronics, space, and software industries have evolved their documentation, training, quality, and change control systems to the point of best in class. These industries are more time sensitive to get product to market and have often evolved their processes to be efficient and decision processes to be very quick. Process owners may expand their knowledge by investigating other industries to find best practices and apply them internally. 

Yin, T.C.T. and Chan, J.C.K. (1988) Neural mechanisms underlie interaural time sensitivity to tones and noise. In W.E. Gall, G.M. Edelman, and W.M. Cowans (Eds.), Auditory Function Neurobiological Bases of Hearing. Wiley, pp. 385 130. 

Many variables used and phenomena described by fracture mechanics concepts depend on the history of loading (its rate, form and/or duration) and on the (physical and chemical) environment. Especially time-sensitive are the level of stored and dissipated energy, also in the region away from the crack tip (far held), the stress distribution in a cracked visco-elastic body, the development of a sub-critical defect into a stress-concentrating crack and the assessment of the effective size of it, especially in the presence of microyield. The role of time in the execution and analysis of impact and fatigue experiments as well as in dynamic fracture is rather evident. To take care of the specihcities of time-dependent, non-linearly deforming materials and of the evident effects of sample plasticity different criteria for crack instability and/or toughness characterization have been developed and appropriate corrections introduced into Eq. 3, which will be discussed in most contributions of this special Double Volume (Vol. 187 and 188). 

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