Client-server technology

There are inevitable interfaces between the application areas of the various sets of procedures and the computer systems to which they apply, as indicated in Figure 3.3. Client-server technology is typically the deciding factor in determining whether control system and laboratory application projects would be better served by IT system procedures. Another example might be that robotic systems used to automate laboratories would be better served by control system procedures. 

Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) are widely used in the laboratories of pharmaceuticals and related industries. LIMS is typically based on client server technology supported by a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) as a storage repository (see Figure 21.1). They can be used to manage and process large amounts of electroiuc analysis data locally within a laboratory or company-wide between sites. 

Sabre Inc. OptiBid Solicits carriers, analyzes bids Client/server technology that runs on Windows NT... 

A hands-on experience with the method is possible via the SPINUS web service [48. This service uses a client-server model. The user can draw a molecular structure within the web browser workspace (the client), and send it to a server where the predictions are computed by neural networks. The results are then sent back to the user in a few seconds and visualised with the same web browser. Several operations and different types of technology arc involved in the system ... 

Commercial LIMS appeared on the market in the early 1980s. These operated on then state-of-the-art minicomputers such as the 16-bit Hewlett-Packard 1000 and 32-bit Digital VAX system. By the late 1980s, several DOS-based PC LIMS operating on the primitive PC network were available. By the early 1990s, most LIMS started using commercial relational database technology and client/server systems, which operated on UNIX or the new Windows NT platform. The most advanced LIMS utilize server-based architecture to ensure system security and control. 

Both client-server and three-tired architectures can be developed using either Java or. NET technology, although. NET is a more natural choice for a rich client on Windows-based client PCs. It is also possible to take a hybrid approach—develop rich client in. NET but business logic in Java, and integrate both using SOAP-based Web services. MDL s Isentris, for example, takes the hybrid approach. 

New pocket portals, using WAP or Blue Tooth technology, is also becoming an attractive option. However, a cautionary note needs to be registered with the heightened importance of system security and the risks of transmitting data over open systems. Biometrics and encryption are potential solutions. Also, audit trails need to be consistent across the range of software models adopted, especially client-server architectures and hand-held IPCs. 

The Drug Information Framework enables developers to build healthcare solutions faster, using the time-tested NDDF Plus knowledge base and critical decision-support modules. The Framework gives developers a choice of technologies and access layers, so it can adapt to most platforms, operating systems, development tools, and relational databases. Application environments can include the Internet client/server networks stand-alone desktops and handheld wireless devices. 

The terms electronic data capture (EDC) and remote data collection (RDC) are generally used as synonymous in describing the technology-based collection of clinical trial data from physicians participating as investigators in a clinical trial. These are web-based (online), client server (off-line), or hybrid (combined on-line/off-line) software applications. And there are implications to be considered when choosing an on-line, off-line and/or hybrid solution. However, ING Barrings differentiates RDC from EDC. 

SAP is a market and technology leader in client-server enterprise application software, providing comprehensive solutions for companies of all sizes and from all industry sectors. Cultivating innovative technologies based on solid business experience, SAP delivers scaleable solutions that enable its customers to continuously improve upon best business practices. SAP products empower people to respond quickly and decisively to dynamic market conditions, helping businesses achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. 

CSGs (Constructive Solid Models), 182 C/S systems, see Client/server systems CTA, see Cognitive task analysis CTDs, see Cumulative trauma disorders CTP (capable-to-promise), 2046 CTS, see Ctupal tunnel syndrome Cuban Missile Crisis, 139 Culture. See also National culture Oigemizational culture and eilignment of technology/oiganizational structure, 956-961 safety, 959-961 Culture shift, 14, 16 Culture systems, 15-16, 1798 Cumulative distribution function (CDF), 2385-2386... 

Simulation(s) (Continued) steady-state, 2471-2472 for teamwork training, 934 terminating, 2471 as training technology, 929 and transformability, 320 variance reduction in, 2492-2493 Simulation Dynamics, 2460 Simulation methods, 128 Simulation models, 1630 for client/server (C/S) system evaluation, 728-719... 

---