Real-time observation

We have presented a method to analyze the composite displacement and rotation movements. On Tables 1 and 2 we can see the agreement between the experimental values and that obtained from equations (1) or (2). This technique allows to follow the movement in real time, observing directly on the PC screen the ring size and position variations. In this way, we can determine the center and the radius of the ring. 

Kitamura N, Lagally M G and Webb M B 1993 Real-time observations of vacancy diffusion on Si(001)-(2 1) by scanning tunnelling microscopy Rhys. Rev. Lett. 71 2082... 

Zhu L, Li P, Huang M, Sage J T and Champion P M 1994 Real time observation of low frequency heme protein vibrations using femtosecond coherence spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 301-4... 

Flueli M, Buffat P A and Borel J P 1988 Real time observation by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) of the coalescence of small gold particles in the electron beam Surf. Sc/. 202 343... 

The subject of this chapter is the relationship between macroscale observations and the underlying microscale processes in shock compression. Since the greater part of our current experimental knowledge of the shock compression process involves macroscale observations, we try to infer microscale phenomena from these data. A much more satisfactory approach is the direct real-time observation of microscale processes themselves. This is difficult to do in most cases, so we must still rely on a combination of macroscale measurement, microscale theory, and whatever direct observations of microscale processes that can be made. 

N. Noel, H. Jamgotchian, B. Billia. In situ and real-time observation of the formation and dynamics of a cellular interface in a succinonitrile-0.5 wt. J Cryst Growth 181 111, 1997. 

It is totally accessible to real-time observation, analysis and modification. ... 

Another method to detect energy transfer directly is to measure the concentration or amount of acceptor that has undergone an excited state reaction by means other than detecting its fluorescence. For instance, by chemical analysis or chromatographic analysis of the product of a reaction involving excited A [117, 118]. An early application of this determined the photolyzed A molecules by absorption spectroscopic analysis. [119-121], This can be a powerful method, because it does not depend on expensive instrumentation however, it lacks real-time observation, and requires subsequent manipulation. For this reason, fluorescence is the usual method of detection of the sensitized excitation of the acceptor. If it is possible to excite the donor without exciting the acceptor, then the rate of photolysis of the acceptor (which is an excited state reaction) can be used to calculate the FRET efficiency [122],... 

Polzius R., Diessel. E., Bier F., Bilitewski U., Real-Time Observation of Affinity Reactions Using Grating Couplers Determination of the Detection Limit and Calculation of Kinetic Rate Constants, Analyt. Biochem. 1997 249 269-276. 

Summary. Coherent optical phonons are the lattice atoms vibrating in phase with each other over a macroscopic spatial region. With sub-10 fs laser pulses, one can impulsively excite the coherent phonons of a frequency up to 50THz, and detect them optically as a periodic modulation of electric susceptibility. The generation and relaxation processes depend critically on the coupling of the phonon mode to photoexcited electrons. Real-time observation of coherent phonons can thus offer crucial insight into the dynamic nature of the coupling, especially in extremely nonequilibrium conditions under intense photoexcitation. 

Detection A countermeasures strategy that is intended to identify an adversary attempting to commit a security event or other criminal activity in order to provide real-time observation as well as postincident analysis of the activities and identity of the adversary. 

X Zhou, J He, LS Liao, M Lu, XM Ding, XY Hou, M Zhang, XQ He, and ST Lee, Real-time observation of temperature rise and thermal breakdown processes in organic LEDs using an IR imaging and analysis system, Adv. Mater., 12 265-269, 2000. 

The intersubunit rotation is required for translocation as ribosomes trapped in the nonrotated state by an engineered intersubunit disulfide bridge fail in tRNA-mRNA movement. Real-time observation of intersubunit movement by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) showed that intersubunit movement occurs concomitantly with hybrid state formation, and that the rotated state can be trapped by the antibiotic viomycin. Similarly to the fluctuation of tRNAs between classical and hybrid states, single-molecule studies have detected spontaneous intersubunit movement where the 3 OS subunit fluctuates between a rotated... 

Fig. 5.17 Real time observation of anodization behavior of a 400 nm Ti thin film anodized at lOV in the HF - aqueous electrolyte (acetic acid and 0.5 vol.% HF mixed in ratio of 1 7). Inset shows a typical current density versus time response observed for a titanium foil (with one face protected with polymer coating) anodized at the same potential and electrolyte.

Tokumoto, H., Miki, K., Murakami, H., Bando, H., Ono, M., and Kajimura, K. (1990). Real-time observation of oxygen and hydrogen adsorption on silicon surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A8, 255-258. 

We can also perform the real-time observation of the evolution of t = 1, k" " = 0) state as a function of Tpr be- In this case, the delay tire was locked to a target value around 500 ps by the feedback loop method. Figure 7.16 shows the results when Tp be was scanned from -10 ps to 1 ns, where the origin Tpj.Qbe = 0 is... 

Figure 7.16 Real-time observation of the evolution of the t = 1, k = 0) state measured by the intensity of anti-Stokes scattering. The second excitation occurs 500ps after the first excitation. Only 4 fs shift of results in the change from constructive to destructive overlap. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2013 by the American Physical Society.

The real-time observation of sintered Pt on CZ materials by in situ time-resolved Turbo-XAS demonstrates the re-dispersion of Pt particles. The Pt particle size of the aged catalyst decrease from 7 to 5 nm after 60 s and then to 3nm after 1,000 s under the alternating flow of reducing and oxidizing gases at 600°C. 

Femtosecond Real-Time Observation of Wave Packet Oscillations (Resonance) in Dissociation Reactions, T. S. Rose, M. J. Rosker, and A. H. Zewail, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 6672... 

To sum up, this chapter has endeavored to show that chemical processes in solution often proceed in a deterministic fashion over chemically significant distances and time scales. Ultrafast spectroscopy allows real-time observation of relative motions even when spectra are devoid of structure and has stimulated moleculear level descriptions of the early time dynamics in liquids. The implication of these findings for theories of solution phase chemical reactions are under active investigation. 

The sample is loaded onto the instrument and the time reference is noted by starting a timer or resetting a timer in the software. A dynamic test for viscoelastic structure is then used to monitor changes in the sample that could result from mechanical relaxation, drying, or thixotropy. A time sweep test is usually performed at a constant temperature. The test is also run at a constant frequency that is comparable to real-time observation (typically 1 Hz) or at a constant angular frequency (10 rad/sec or 1.6 Hz). 

Rose, T.S., Rosker, M.J., and Zewail, A.H. (1988). Femtosecond real-time observation of wavepacket oscillations (resonances) in dissociation reactions, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 6672-6673. 

The range of imaging experiments that can be carried out using MRI is vast, from real time observation of brain function in response to physical or mental stimuli to the more mundane, though no less important, detection of diseased tissue in advance... 

Methods of AFM, by means of a new method of calibration of lateral forces, allow to quantitavely investigate various mechanical characteristics of nanotubes. We have demonstrated one of applications of this method and determined critical lateral force that displace bundle of nanotubes over HOPG surface. The advantage of the work is possibility of real time observation of moment of nanotubes displacement, so relatively exact value of the lateral force caused such event can be estimated. 

Real-Time Observation of Amyloid Fibril Growth by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy... 

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