System 1,1,2-trichloroethane

For the binary system 1.1,2-trichloroethane (l)-water (2), the following NRTL parameters are listed as built-in default parameters for the form B... 

Figure F.l Pxy diagrams of the system 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1)-water (2) at = 50 and i 2 = 125 C on the basis of the default parameters.

Drain cleaners may contain sodium or potassium hydroxide (lye), hydrochloric acid, or trichloro-ethane. Sodium or potassium hydroxide is a caustic irritant that can affect the central nervous system (CNS) inhibiting reflexes, cause burns to skin and eyes, and is poisonous if swallowed due to severe tissue damage. Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive irritant, causes damage to the kidneys, liver, and digestive system. Trichloroethane is a skin and eye irritant, causes central nervous system depression, and liver and kidney damage when ingested. 

In the material system (0.5 octane+ 0.5 CCI4 0.8 anisole+ 0.2 CCI4 chloro-benzene/water (p = 0.05) a steady-state condition had still not been achieved after 30 min [392]. In the material system trichloroethane/water = 0.2) it took 2 h [166]. 

AH volatile organic solvents are toxic to some degree. Excessive vapor inhalation of the volatile chloriaated solveats, and the central nervous system depression that results, is the greatest hazard for iadustrial use of these solvents. Proper protective equipment and operating procedures permit safe use of solvents such as methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene ia both cold and hot metal-cleaning operations. The toxicity of a solvent cannot be predicted from its chlorine content or chemical stmcture. For example, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is one of the least toxic metal-cleaning solvents and has a recommended threshold limit value (TLV) of 350 ppm. However, the 1,1,2-trichloroethane isomer is one of the more toxic chloriaated hydrocarboas, with a TLV of only 10 ppm. 

Trichloroethane 0.20 0.2 Liver, nervous system, or circulatory problems Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories... 

Trichloroethane 0.003 0.005 Liver, kidney, or immune system problems Discharge from industrial chemical factories... 

Inhalant intoxication dehrium can occur as a consequence of disturbances in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neu to transmission secondary to acute, high-level exposure to psychoactive ingredients in solvents such as toluene, trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. Systemic effects of solvent inhalation such as cerebral hypoxia and/or metabolic acidosis may also be involved (Rosenberg 1982). Under these circumstances, inhalant intoxication dehrium develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day. Usually, the delirium resolves as the intoxication ends or within a few hours after cessation of use. 

Niklasson M, Tham R, Larsby B, et al. 1993. Effects of toluene, styrene, trichloroethylene, and trichloroethane on the vestibulo- and opto-oculo motor system in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 15 327-334. 

Unlike petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds in general followed a different evolutionary path. Chlorinated solvents are a common group of organic compounds, and are also the most frequently encountered contaminant in groundwater. Common industrial chemicals that are characterized as chlorinated solvents include trichloro-ethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethene (PCE) or perchloro-ethylene, chlorofluorocarbon (Freon)-113 (i.e., 1,1,2-trichloroethane or 1,2,2-tri-fluoroethane), and methylene chloride. In 1997, the EPA reported the presence of TCE and PCE in 852 of 945 groundwater supply systems throughout the United States and in 771 of 1420 Superfund sites. 

After these initial steps, TIQDT was tested for its capacity to screen environmentally relevant compounds. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), l,l-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were selected as they are usually considered to be TGFDs [52-55]. Reports concerning the effect of methyhnercury (MeHg) on thyroid function are contradictory [56-58]. Two environmentally relevant compounds with no reported effects on the thyroid system, fenoxicarb and atrazine [59, 60], were included as negative controls to assess the specificity of the assay. Our data strongly suggest that TIQDT may be... 

Toxicology. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane causes central nervous system depression. 

The genotoxic data are largely negative, although 1,1,1-trichloroethane was mutagenic in some Salrmnella assays and induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells and cell transformation in mammalian systems. ... 

CESAR was developed to address the problem of locating, characterizing, and removing dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) from contaminated aquifer systems. The process is particularly suited to remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethane (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CCE). According to the vendor, CESAR can also be applied to sites contaminated with creosote, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon 113, volatile organic compounds (VOCs),... 

According to the vendor, the technology can effectively treat almost aU hydrocarbons (inclnd-ing gasoline, crnde oil, diesel fnel, and jet fnel), pentachlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, tolnene, ethyl benzene, xylene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, trichloroethylene, trichloroethane, and suspended solids. The granules can also be used to remove vegetable-based oils and fats. Another technology advantage is the ability of the SFC system to remove oil emulsified in water to concentrations less than 15 mg/hter. 

In a 1995 treatability study conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River facility, a cost estimate was prepared for an FTO system with a flow rate of 400 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) using natural gas to maintain process temperatures. Costs were estimated at 0.72/lb. For the purposes of this estimate, the inlet concentration was assumed to be 400 ppm of trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). Capital costs were estimated at 160,000. Capital costs were amortized over 10 years, not over the time required to remediate the site. This cost estimate found FTO to be more cost effective than thermal catalytic technologies due to lower operating and maintenance costs (D125122, p. 10). 

The rhodium complex [CpRh(bipy)Cl2] is reported (162) to act as one-half of a redox couple that, in concert with a manganese porphyrin system, catalyzes the epoxidation of olefins by dioxygen. In this two-phase system, the aqueous phase contains sodium formate, and the organic phase is a trichloroethane solution of [Mnm(tpp)]1+ and the rhodium complex (tpp = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin). Apparently, the rhodium complex catalyzes the reduction of [Mnin(tpp)]1+ by formate, and the manganese(II) species thus formed binds dioxygen and reacts with the substrate olefin to form the epoxide. However, the intermedi-... 

Trichloroethane did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes. It showed inconclusive evidence of gene mutation at the tk locus in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. Results for induction of sister chromatid exchanges were also inconclusive. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures and induced morphological transformation in BALB/c 3T3 and in Fischer rat and virally-enhanced Syrian hamster embryo cells in vitro. 

An increased risk for central nervous system and multiple myeloma was reported from a cohort study of workers exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane in Finland. These findings were not confirmed by two case-control studies carried out in the United States and Canada, while an increased risk for cancer of the lung and kidney was shown in the Canadian study. 

The aliphatic systems are well correlated by Taft s constant (a ). Halogenated alkanes show a negative linear relationship with four datapoints (trichloromethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), as shown in Figure 7.4. 

Treybal, R.E., Weber, L.D., Daley, J.F. (1946) The system, acetone-water-1,1,2-trichloroethane. Ternary liquid and binary vapor equilibria. Ind. Eng. Chem. 38, 817-821. 

Uses 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet smell similar to that of chloroform. It is absorbed by the system mainly by inhalation but also can penetrate the skin. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane does not occur naturally in the environment. It is found in many common products such as glue, paint, industrial degreasers, and aerosol sprays. In view of its impact on the ozone layer, all attempts have been made to stop its production in different countries of the world.116 1163 125... 

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