Inhalant intoxication

DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association 2000) tecognizes six inhalant-induced disotdets inhalant intoxication, inhalant intoxication delirium. 

The main disturbance in inhalant intoxication delirium is a reversible decrease in the level of consciousness and awareness of the environment, which includes an inability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. The intoxicated person is confused and easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli and difficult to engage in a meaningful conversation. He or she may also exhibit prominent disorientation, short- and long-term memory deficits, language disturbances, and perceptual disturbances that may include illusions and hallucinations. Other prominent features associated with inhalant intoxication delirium are... 

Inhalant intoxication dehrium can occur as a consequence of disturbances in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neu to transmission secondary to acute, high-level exposure to psychoactive ingredients in solvents such as toluene, trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. Systemic effects of solvent inhalation such as cerebral hypoxia and/or metabolic acidosis may also be involved (Rosenberg 1982). Under these circumstances, inhalant intoxication dehrium develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day. Usually, the delirium resolves as the intoxication ends or within a few hours after cessation of use. 

Many patients with hallucinogen, marijuana, or inhalant intoxication respond to reassurance, but short-term antianxiety and/or antipsychotic therapy can be used. 

SNIFFING OR SNORTING Inhaling intoxicating vapors, through the nose, from a volatile substance such as an anesthetic gas, industrial or household solvent, art supply, or aerosol propellant. 

Sevelova, L., Bajgar, J., Saxena, A., Doctor, B.P. (2004). Protective effect of equine hutyrylcholinesterase in inhalation intoxication of rats with sarin determination of blood and brain cholinesterase activities. Inhal. Toxicol. 16 531-6. 

In some states, possession of an intoxicant and inhaling specific compounds for intoxication are crimes. Additionally, inhalant intoxication in some cases is prosecuted under DUI (driving under the influence) laws, if the user operates a motor vehicle while under the influence of an inhalant. 

Hallucinogen intoxication is treated in a manner similar to stimulant intoxication. Drug therapy often can be avoided because patients may respond to careful reassurance, or so-called talk-down therapy. When necessary, short-term antianxiety and/or antipsychotic drug therapy can be used, as described previously. The same approach applies to marijuana and inhalant intoxication. 

Inhalant intoxication Inhalant intoxication delirium8 Inhalant-induced persisting dementia8 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder,8 with delusions Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder, with hallucinations Inhalant-induced mood disorder Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder ... 

Acute poisoning occurs when mercury ion concentrations reach 0.2 mg/100 ml of blood. Chronic inhalant intoxication can be expected with mercury vapor concentrations of 0.1-1 mg/m. A daily 5 hour exposure to inhaled mercuiy vapor concentrations of 0.1 mg/m leads to severe chronic mercury poisoning [65]. 

Agent vapor, the greatest threat for inhalational intoxication, derives from three sources. First, agent vaporizes from explosive burst energy. This will... 

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have been used extensively as a model for lethal inhaled intoxication of SEB. Efforts to develop lethal aerosolized SEB animal models in rabbits and endotoxin-primed mice are ongoing. The following pre-... 

Confirmation of ricin inhalational intoxication would most likely be through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of a swab sample from the nasal mucosa ricin can be identified by this method for at least 24 hours after the challenge.49 Because ricin is extremely immunogenic, individuals surviving a ricin attack would likely... 

As is the case in toxicity and pathogenesis of intoxication, the route of exposure is important in relation to possible modes and their likelihood of success of prophylaxis and therapy. For oral intoxication, supportive therapy includes activated charcoal administration and intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement. For inhalational intoxication, supportive therapy to counteract acute pulmonary edema and respiratory distress is indicated. Symptomatic care is the only intervention presently available to clinicians for the treatment of incapacitating or lethal doses of inhaled ricin. Positive end-expiratory ventilatory therapy, fluid and electrolyte replacement, antiinflammatory agents, and analgesics... 

Sevelova, L., Bajgar, J., Saxena, A., et al., 2004. Protective effect of equine butyrylcholinesterase in inhalation intoxication of rats with sarin determination of blood and brain cholinesterase activities. Inhal. Toxicol. 16,531—536. Stojiljkovic, M.R, Maksimovic, M., Bokonjic, D., et al., 1998. Adamantanes versus carbamates as prophylactic agents in soman-poisoned rats. In Proceedings from the 6th CBW Protection Symposium, Stockholm, May 10-15, 1998, pp. 197-202. 

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