Treatability studies

U.S. EPA, Project Summary Temoval ofPCBs from Contaminated Soil Using the CF Systems Solvent Extraction Process Treatability Study, EPA/540/SR-95/505, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1995. 

Thus, bench or pilot studies are necessary to avoid technology misapplication in the field. The loss of time in treatment or the requirement to provide additional treatment for the waste is very expensive. Therefore, the relatively small costs and time needed for these studies make them useful tools in treatment selection. Bench-scale treatability studies for demonstrated technologies can cost between 10,000- 50,000 and take up to 6 weeks. Demonstrated technologies are those for which the major design parameters and treatment efficiencies are well understood. Innovative (and some biological processes) will require substantially more time (4-16 weeks) and money ( 25,000-> 200,000). These are estimates, and actual time and costs are going to depend on what kind of technology is under consideration. 

Kosson DS, Dienemaim EA, Ahlert RC. 1985. Characterization and treatability studies of an industrial landfill leachate (Kin-Buc 1). Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference 39 329-341. 

Zappi ME, Fleming EC, Thompson DW, et al. 1990. Treatability study of four contaminated areas at the RMA, Commerce City, Colorado using chemical oxidation with ultraviolet radiation catalyzation. Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Hazardous Waste Materials, 405-409. 

Exclusions for laboratory samples and waste treatability studies... 

Hazardous waste samples are small, discrete amounts of hazardous waste that are essential to ensure accurate characterization and proper hazardous waste treatment. In order to facilitate the analysis of these materials, RCRA exempts characterization samples and treatability study samples from Subtitle C hazardous waste regulation ... 

Bioremediation also has its limitations. Some chemicals are not amenable to biodegradation, for instance, heavy metals, radionuclides, and some chlorinated compounds. In some cases, the microbial metabolism of the contaminants may produce toxic metabolites. Bioremediation is a scientifically intensive procedure that must be tailored to site-specific conditions, and usually requires treatability studies to be conducted on a small scale before the actual cleanup of a site.13 The treatability procedure is important, as it establishes the extent of degradation and evaluates the potential use of a selected microorganism for bioremediation. A precise estimate on vessel size or area involved, speed of reaction, and economics can therefore be determined at the laboratory stage. 

Remedial investigation including site characterization and a treatability study... 

Evaluating the need for a treatability study. The requirement and schedule for treatability studies so as to better evaluate potential remedial alternatives are identified. If remedial actions involving treatment have been identified for a site, then the need for treatability studies should be evaluated as early as possible in the RI/FS process. This is because many treatability studies may take several months or longer to complete. 

The objectives of the treatability study are primarily to achieve the following ... 

Figure 16.5 shows a decision process for treatability studies.12... 

Once a decision is made to perform treatability studies, the type of treatability testing (bench or pilot scale) should be decided. The choice of bench versus pilot testing is affected by the level of... 

May be difficult to implement in low-permeability aquifers Reinjection wells or infiltration galleries may require permits or may be prohibited Biodegradation pathways may be site-specific, potentially requiring pilot testing or treatability studies A relatively large amount of oxidant may be needed for treatment of large contaminant mass... 

Oxygenate-degrading microorganisms are typically slow growing and may not be present natively at all sites pilot or treatability studies may be needed to confirm the applicability of bioremediation at a specific site. 

Due to the difficulties involved in maintaining an adequate microbial mass applied to low concentrations of MTBE or other oxygenates in groundwater, treatability studies are often performed to confirm that extracted groundwater can be adequately treated in a bioreactor. 

Sirianuntapiboon S, Sansak J (2008) Treatability studies with granular activated carbon (GAC) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for textile wastewater containing direct dyes. J Hazard Mater 159 404-411... 

In contrast to Ag(I), the ions Ce(III), Co(II) and Fe(II) remain soluble in the presence of halide ions liberated during the destruction of halogenated organics. Thus Co(III) is a halide-tolerant mediator. Destruction rates greater than 3L/d have been achieved with EG. Treatability studies of Trimsol cutting oil contaminated with various radionuclides were discussed by Hickman et al. [306],... 

The important design factors that must be determined for a particular water during treatability studies include ... 

Pilot-scale treatability studies are enlargements of bench-scale tests, which more closely approach the full-scale project. The objective of pilot-scale tests is to verify treatability outside of a laboratory setting and verify the actual field conditions. Many pilot-scale studies are performed at the actual project site. Data from pilot-scale studies are used to design full-scale field operations. A pilot test may include the following ... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA Soil Vapor Extraction. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Cincinnati, OH, August. 

One concern about biological treatment is the potential toxicity of pesticides, which could inhibit microorganism growth. Results from bench-scale treatability studies performed by one pesticide plant showed that a pesticide in concentrations up to 3000 mg/L did not inhibit aerobic degradation of sewage at typical aerator food-to-microorganism ratios [7]. 

T0724 Soil Technology, Inc., Soil Washing Treatability Study Unit T0726 S olidification/S tabilization—General... 

---